Notes to Accounts of Northern Arc Capital Ltd.

Mar 31, 2025

l. Provisions

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the
Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that
can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow
of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation.
Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future
cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure
required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet
date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments

of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.
The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost.
Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

m. Leases

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a
contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract
conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for
a period of time in exchange for consideration. All leases are
accounted for by recognising a right-of-use asset and a lease
liability except for:

- Leases of low value assets; and

- Leases with a duration of 12 months or less.

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company
recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of
lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease
payments include fixed payments (including in-substance
fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable and
amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the
Company uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease
commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease
is not readily determinable. After the commencement date,
the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the
accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments
made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is
remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease
term, a change in the in-substance fixed lease payments or a
change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the
commencement date of the lease (i.e.the date the underlying
asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured
at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment
losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease
liabilities.The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount
of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred,
and lease payments made at or before the commencement
date less any lease incentives received. Unless the Company is
reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at
the end of the lease term, the recognised right-of-use assets
are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its
estimated useful life and the lease term.

The Company determines the lease term as the initial
period agreed in the lease agreement , together with both
periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the

Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the
Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.
In assessing whether the Company is reasonably certain to
exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an
option to terminate a lease, it considers all relevant facts
and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the
Company to exercise the option to extend the lease, or not
to exercise the option to terminate the lease. The Company
revises the lease term if there is a change in the initial period
agreed in the lease agreement.

n. Taxes

i. Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or
receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year
and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in
respect of previous years. The amount of current tax
reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected
to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty,
if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax
rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by
the reporting date.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset
only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off
the recognised amounts, and it is intended to realise
the asset and settle the liability on a net basis or
simultaneously.

Management periodically evaluates positions taken
in the tax returns with respect to situations in which
applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation
and considers whether it is probable that a taxation
authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The
Company shall reflect the effect of uncertainty for each
uncertain tax treatment by using either most likely
method or expected value method, depending on which
method predicts better resolution of the treatment.

ii. Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary
differences between the carrying amounts of assets
and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the
corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes.
Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried
forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not
recognised for:

- temporary differences arising on the initial
recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction
that is not a business combination and that affects
neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the
time of the transaction;

- temporary differences related to investments
in subsidiaries and associates to the extent that
the Company is able to control the timing of
the reversal of the temporary differences and
it is probable that they will not reverse in the
foreseeable future; and

- taxable temporary differences arising on the
initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it
is probable that future taxable profits will be available
against which they can be used. The existence of unused
tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may
not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent
losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only
to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary
differences or there is convincing other evidence that
sufficient taxable profit will be available against which
such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax
assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each
reporting date and are recognised/ reduced to the extent
that it is probable/ no longer probable respectively that
the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternate Tax
(MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India,
which is likely to give future economic benefit ts
in the form of availability of set off against future
income tax liability.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are
expected to apply to the period when the asset is
realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws
that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the
reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax
consequences that would follow from the manner in
which the Company expects, at the reporting date,
to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets
and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a
legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities
and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by
the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on
different tax entities, but they intend to settle current
tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets
and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed
at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that
it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit
will be available to allow all or part of the deferred
tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax
assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are
recognised to the extent that it has become probable
that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax
asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit
or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in
other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax
items are recognised in correlation to the underlying
transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

iii. Goods and services tax /value added taxes paid on
acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognised net of the goods
and services tax/value added taxes paid, except:

a. When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets
or services is not recoverable from the taxation
authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognised
as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as
part of the expense item, as applicable

b. When receivables and payables are stated with
the amount of tax included

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to,
the taxation authority is included as part of receivables
or payables in the balance sheet.

o. Borrowing cost

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs incurred in
connection with the borrowings of funds. Borrowing costs
directly attributable to acquisition or construction of an
asset which necessarily take a substantial period of time to
get ready for their intended use are capitalized as part of the
cost of the asset. Other borrowings costs are recognized as
an expense in the statement of profit and loss account on an
accrual basis using the Effective Interest Rate Method.

p. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprises cash on hand and
demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short¬
term balances (with an original maturity of three months or
less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments
that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and
which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

q. Segment reporting- Identification of segments:

An operating segment is a component of the Company
that engages in business activities from which it may earn
revenues and incur expenses, whose operating results
are regularly reviewed by the Company''s Chief Operating
Decision Maker (CODM) to make decisions for which discrete
financial information is available. Based on the management
approach as defined in Ind AS 108, the CODM evaluates the
Company''s performance and allocates resources based on
an analysis of various performance indicators by business
segments and geographic segments.

r. Earnings per share

The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per equity
share in accordance with Ind AS 33, Earnings Per Share. Basic
earnings per equity share is computed by dividing net profit
/ loss after tax attributable to the equity share holders for
the year by the weighted average number of equity shares
outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per equity
share is computed and disclosed by dividing the net profit/
loss after tax attributable to the equity share holders for the
year after giving impact of dilutive potential equity shares for
the year by the weighted average number of equity shares
and dilutive potential equity shares outstanding during the
year, except where the results are anti-dilutive.

s. Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby
profit after tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of
a non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or
future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from regular
revenue generating, financing and investing activities of the
Company are segregated. Cash flows in foreign currencies are
accounted at the actual rates of exchange prevailing at the
dates of the transactions.

t. Derivative financial instruments

The Company enters into derivative financial instruments
to manage its exposure to interest rate risk and foreign
exchange rate risk. Derivatives held include foreign exchange

forward contracts, interest rate swaps and cross currency
interest rate swaps.

Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the
date when a derivative contract is entered into and are
subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each balance
sheet date. The resulting gain/loss is recognised in the
statement of profit and loss immediately unless the derivative
is designated and is effective as a hedging instrument, in
which event the timing of the recognition in the statement
of profit and loss depends on the nature of the hedge
relationship. The Company designates certain derivatives as
hedges of highly probable forecast transactions (cash flow
hedges). A derivative with a positive fair value is recognised
as a financial asset whereas a derivative with a negative fair
value is recognised as a financial liability.

u. Hedge accounting policy

The Company makes use of derivative instruments to manage
exposures to interest rate and foreign currency. In order
to manage particular risks, the Company applies hedge
accounting for transactions that meet specific criteria. At
the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally
designates and documents the hedge relationship to which
the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the
risk management objective and strategy for undertaking
the hedge. The documentation includes the Company''s risk
management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge,
the hedging / economic relationship, the hedged item or
transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged, hedge ratio
and how the Company would assess the effectiveness of
changes in the hedging instrument''s fair value in offsetting
the exposure to changes in the hedged item''s fair value or
cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are
expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes
in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an on-going
basis to determine that they actually have been highly
effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which
they were designated.

Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are
accounted for, as described below:

(i) Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging instrument is
recognised in the statement of profit and loss as finance
costs. The change in the fair value of the hedged item
attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the
carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognised
in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs.

For fair value hedges relating to items carried at
amortised cost, any adjustment to carrying value is
amortised through profit or loss over the remaining term
of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortisation may
begin as soon as an adjustment exists and no later than
when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes
in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.
If the hedged item is derecognised, the unamortised
fair value is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
When an unrecognised firm commitment is designated
as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in
the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the
hedged risk is recognised as an asset or liability with a
corresponding gain or loss recognised in profit or loss.
The Company has an interest rate swap that is used as
a hedge for the exposure of changes in the fair value
of its 8.25% fixed rate secured loan. Refer note 49
for more details.

(ii) Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging
instrument is recognised in OCI in the Effective
portion of cash flow hedges, while any ineffective
portion is recognised immediately in the statement
of profit and loss. The Effective portion of cash flow
hedges is adjusted to the lower of the cumulative
gain or loss on the hedging instrument and the
cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item.
The Company uses forward currency contracts as
hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast
transactions and firm commitments, as well as forward
commodity contracts for its exposure to volatility in
the commodity prices. The ineffective portion relating
to foreign currency contracts is recognised in finance
costs and the ineffective portion relating to commodity
contracts is recognised in other income or expenses.
Refer to note 44 b for more details.

The Company designates only the spot element of a
forward contract as a hedging instrument. The forward
element is recognised in OCI.

The amounts accumulated in OCI are accounted for,
depending on the nature of the underlying hedged
transaction. If the hedged transaction subsequently
results in the recognition of a non-financial item, the
amount accumulated in equity is removed from the
separate component of equity and included in the initial
cost or other carrying amount of the hedged asset or

liability. This is not a reclassification adjustment and
will not be recognised in OCI for the period. This also
applies where the hedged forecast transaction of a non¬
financial asset or non-financial liability subsequently
becomes a firm commitment for which fair value hedge
accounting is applied.

For any other cash flow hedges, the amount accumulated
in OCI is reclassified to profit or loss as reclassification
adjustment in the same period or periods during which
the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss.

If cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued, the
amount that has been accumulated in OCI must remain
in accumulated OCI if the hedged future cash flows
are still expected to occur. Otherwise, the amount
will be immediately reclassified to profit or loss as a
reclassification adjustment. After discontinuation, once
the hedged cash flow occurs, any amount remaining
in accumulated OCI must be accounted for depending
on the nature of the underlying transaction as
described above.

New and amended standards

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA”) notifies new standard
or amendments to the existing standards under Companies
(Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as amended from time
to time. During the year ended 31 March 2025, MCA has
notified following new standards or amendments to the
existing standards applicable to the Company:

i) Lack of exchangeability - Amendments to Ind AS
21: The amendments to Ind AS 21 "The Effects of
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

The amendment specify how an entity should assess
whether a currency is exchangeable and how it should
determine a spot exchange rate when exchangeability
is lacking. The amendments also require disclosure
of information that enables users of its financial
statements to understand how the currency not being
exchangeable into the other currency affects, or is
expected to affect, the entity''s financial performance,
financial position and cash flows.

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA”) notifies new
standards or amendments to the existing standards
under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules
as issued from time to time. MCA has notified below

new standards / amendments which were effective
from 01 April 2024.

i) Introduction of Ind AS 117 - Insurance contracts

MCA notified Ind AS 117, a comprehensive standard
that prescribe, recognition, measurement and
disclosure requirements, to avoid diversities in practice
for accounting insurance contracts and it applies to all
companies i.e., to all "insurance contracts” regardless
of the issuer However, Ind AS 117 is not applicable
to the entities which are insurance companies
registered with IRDAI.

ii) Amendments to Ind AS 116 - Lease liability in a sale
and leaseback

The amendments require an entity to recognise lease
liability including variable lease payments which are
not linked to index or a rate in a way it does not result
into gain on right-of-use asset it retains.

The Company has reviewed the new pronouncements
and based on its evaluation has determined that these
amendments do not have a significant impact on the
financial statements.

w. Business combinations and goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the
acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured
as the aggregate of the consideration transferred measured
at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non¬
controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business
combination, the Company elects whether to measure the
non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the
proportionate share of the acquiree''s identifiable net assets.
Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The Company determines that it has acquired a business when
the acquired set of activities and assets include an input and
a substantive process that together significantly contribute to
the ability to create outputs. The acquired process is considered
substantive if it is critical to the ability to continue producing
outputs, and the inputs acquired include an organised
workforce with the necessary skills, knowledge, or experience
to perform that process or it significantly contributes to the
ability to continue producing outputs and is considered unique
or scarce or cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort,
or delay in the ability to continue producing outputs.

At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired, and
the liabilities assumed are recognised at their acquisition date
fair values. For this purpose, the liabilities assumed include
contingent liabilities representing present obligation and
they are measured at their acquisition fair values irrespective
of the fact that outflow of resources embodying economic
benefits is not probable. However, the following assets and
liabilities acquired in a business combination are measured
at the basis indicated below:

Liabilities or equity instruments related to share based
payment arrangements of the acquiree or share - based
payments arrangements of the Company entered into
to replace share-based payment arrangements of the
acquiree are measured in accordance with Ind AS 102
Share-based Payments at the acquisition date.

? Assets that are classified as held for sale in accordance
with Ind AS 105 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and
Discontinued Operations are measured in accordance
with that Standard.

? Reacquired rights are measured at a value determined
on the basis of the remaining contractual term of the
related contract. Such valuation does not consider
potential renewal of the reacquired right.

When the Company acquires a business, it assesses the
financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate
classification and designation in accordance with the
contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent
conditions as at the acquisition date.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of
the aggregate of the consideration transferred over the net
identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair
value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate
consideration transferred, the Company re-assesses whether
it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of
the liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures used to
measure the amounts to be recognised at the acquisition date. If
the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net
assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred,
then the gain is recognised in OCI and accumulated in equity as
capital reserve. However, if there is no clear evidence of bargain
purchase, the entity recognises the gain directly in equity as
capital reserve, without routing the same through OCI.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less
any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose
of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business
combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each
of the Company''s cash-generating units that are expected to
benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other
assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

A cash generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated
is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when
there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the
recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than
its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first
to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated
to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata
based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any
impairment loss for goodwill is recognised in profit or loss.
An impairment loss recognised for goodwill is not reversed
in subsequent periods.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating
unit and part of the operation within that unit is disposed
of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation
is included in the carrying amount of the operation when
determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed
in these circumstances is measured based on the relative
values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash¬
generating unit retained.

If the initial accounting for a business combination is
incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which
the combination occurs, the Company reports provisional
amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete.
Those provisional amounts are adjusted through goodwill
during the measurement period, or additional assets or
liabilities are recognised, to reflect new information obtained
about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition
date that, if known, would have affected the amounts
recognized at that date. These adjustments are called as
measurement period adjustments. The measurement period
does not exceed one year from the acquisition date.

15B. Loans repayable on demand includes on cash credit and working capital demand loans from banks which are secured by specific
charge on identified receivables. As at 31 March 2025, the rate of interest across the cash credit and working capital demand loans
was in the range of 8.50 % p.a to 9.65% p.a (31 March 2024 - 6.95 % p.a to 10.15% p.a). The Company has not defaulted in the
repayment of the borrowings (including debt securities) and was regular in repayment during the year.

15C. The Company has used the borrowings from banks and financial instritution for the specified purpose as per the agreement
with the lender.

15D. The quarterly returns/statements of current assets filed by the Company with the banks and financial institutions in relation to
secured borrowings whenever applicable, are in agreement with the books of accounts.

15E. The Company is not declared as wilful defaulter by any of our bank and financial institutions during the year ended 31 March 2025
and 31 March 2024.

b) During the year, the Company has issued 311,966 (31 March 2024 : 354,127) equity shares which were allotted to employees who
exercised their options under ESOP scheme.

c) During year ended 31 March 2025 the Company has issued compulsorily convetible preference shares (CCPS) amounting to ^
38,199.99 by offering and issuing

(i) 84,91,048 Series C CCPS having a face value of ^ 20 each issued at a premium of ^ 371 per share, amounting to of ^ 33,199.99 and;

(ii) 12,78,772 Series C2 CCPS having a face value of ^ 20 each issued at a premium of ^ 371 per share, amounting to a ^ 4,999.99 on
a private placement basis by way of preferential allotment pursuant to the approval by the Board of Directors at its meeting held
on 04 April 2024 which was approved by the shareholders in the Extraordinary General Meeting held on 15 April 2024.

d) During the year ended 31 March 2025, the Company has completed an Initial Public Offer ("IPO") of 29,597,646 equity shares of face
value of INR 10 each at an issue price of INR 263 per equity share (INR 239 per equity share reserved for employees), comprising of
offer for sale of 10,532,320 equity shares by selling shareholders and fresh issue of 19,065,326 equity shares. The equity shares of
the Company were listed on BSE Limited ("BSE") and National Stock Exchange of India Limited ("NSE") on 24 September 2024.

e) Rights, preferences and restrictions attached to each class of shares

i) Equity shares

The Company has a single class of equity shares. Accordingly all equity shares rank equally with regard to dividends and share
in the Company’s residual assets. The equity shares are entitled to receive dividend as declared from time to time subject to
payment of dividend to preference shareholders. Dividends are paid in Indian Rupees. Dividend proposed by the board of
directors, if any, is subject to the approval of the shareholders at the General Meeting, except in the case of interim dividend.

In the event of liquidation of the Company, the holders of equity shares will be entitled to receive remaining assets of the
Company, after distribution of all preferential amounts. The distribution will be in proportion to the number of equity shares
held by the shareholders.

ii) 0.0001% Compulsorily convertible preference shares:

0.0001% Compulsory Convertible Preference Shares (’CCPS'') having a par value of INR 20 is convertible in the ratio of 1:1
and are treated pari-passu with equity shares on all voting rights. The conversion shall happen at the option of the preference
shareholders. The CCPS if not converted by the preference shareholders shall be compulsorily converted into equity shares
upon any of the following events:

a. In connection with an IPO, immediately prior to the filing of red herring prospectus (or equivalent document, by
whatever name called) with the competent authority or such later date as may be permitted under applicable law at the
relevant time; and

b. The date which is 19 (nineteen) years from the date of allotment of CCPS.

Till conversion, the holders of CCPS shall be entitled to a dividend of 0.0001%, if any, declared upon profits of the Company and
a proportionate dividend, if any declared on equity shares on ''as converted'' basis.

f) In the period of five years immediately preceding 31 March 2025

There were no shares allotted as fully paid up by way of bonus issues and there were no buy back of shares during the last five years
immediately preceding 31 March 2025. There were issue of shares pursuant to the contract without payment being received in
cash as follows:

During the year ended 31 March 2025, the Company issued 52,616,624 equity shares of ^ 20 each pursuant to the conversion of
51,093,024 CCPS of ^10 each, issued by the Company.

Notes

(i) Securities premium

Securities premium reserve is used to record the premium on issue of shares. The reserve can be utilised only for limited purposes in
accordance with the provisions of section 52 of the Companies Act 2013.

(ii) Shared Based Payment Reserve

The Company has established various equity settled share based payment plans for certain categories of employees of the Company.
The amount represents reserve created to the extent of granted options based on the employee stock option scheme. Under Ind AS
102, fair value of the options granted is to be expelled off over the life of the vesting period as employee compensation cost reflecting
period of receipt of service.

(iii) Statutory reserve

Reserve u/s 45-IA of the RBI Act, 1934, the Company is required to transfer at least 20% of its net profits every year to a reserve
before any dividend is declared

(iv) Retained earnings

Retained earnings are the profits/(loss) that the Company has earned/incurred till date, less any transfers to general reserve,
dividends or other distributions paid to shareholders. Retained earnings include re-measurement loss / (gain) on defined benefit
plans, net of taxes that will not be reclassified to Statement of Profit and Loss.

(v) Capital reserve

During the year ended March 31, 2017, the Company approved the Scheme of Arrangement (Demerger) & Amalgamation between
the Company, IFMR Holdings Private Limited (''IFMR Holdings''), Dvara Investments Private Limited and their respective shareholders
and creditors under sections 230 to 232 of the Companies Act, 2013. Pursuant to such scheme of arrangement entered in the year
ended March, 31, 2017, the Company has created a capital reserve in accordance with the applicable accounting standards.

(vi) Capital redemption reserve

The capital redemption reserve was created on account of the redemption of the Cumulative non convertible compulsorily redeemable
preference shares in accordance with section 69 of Companies Act, 2013.

(vii) Other comprehensive income

a) The Company has elected to recognise changes in the fair value of certain loans where the business model is to collect contractual
cash flows and also to sell financial assets in other comprehensive income. These changes are accumulated within the FVOCI -
loans and advances reserve within equity.

b) The Company has applied hedge accounting for designated and qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the
cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument is initially recognised directly in OCI within equity as cash flow hedge
reserve. Amounts recognised in the effective portion of cash flow hedges is reclassified to the statement of profit and loss when
the hedged item affects profit or loss (e.g. interest payments).

(viii) Share application money received pending allotment

The company has received share application money against exercise of 32,500 shares (As at March 31, 2024 - 74,500 shares) at face
value of ^10 each at an aggregate premium of ^ 35.59 (As at 31 March 2024 - INR 76.31 lakhs) from employees pending allotment at
the end of the respective financial year end.

30. Corporate social responsibility ("CSR”) expenditure

As per Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, a company, meeting the applicability threshold, needs to spend at least 2% of its average
net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. The areas for CSR activities
are commissioning of in-depth financial inclusion survey and developing a financial inclusion index/ metric, enhancement of amenities
to government schools and transfer of funds to the CSR arm of the Company being the Northern Arc Foundation from where the ultimate
spend would be monitored. A CSR committee has been formed by the Company as per the Act. The details of funds primarily utilized
through the year on these activities which are specified in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 are as follows:

34. Leases

As a lessee, the Company''s lease asset class primarily consist of buildings or part thereof taken on lease for office premises. In accordance
with the requirements under Ind AS 116, Leases, the Company has recognised the lease liability at the present value of the future lease
payments discounted at the incremental borrowing rate at the date of initial applica on as at 1 April 2019, and thereafter, at the inception of
respective lease contracts, ROU asset equal to lease liability is recognised at the incremental borrowing rate prevailed during that relevant
period subject to certain practical expedients as allowed by the standard.

The following is the summary of practical expedients elected on initial application:

(a) Applied a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases of similar assets in similar economic environment with a similar end date.

(b) Applied the exemption not to recognise right to use assets and liabilities for leases with less than 12 months of lease term on the date
of initial application.

(c) Excluded the initial direct costs from the measurement of the right to use asset at the date of initial application.

35. Financial instrument
A Fair value measurement
Valuation principles

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction in the principal (or
most advantageous) market at the measurement date under current market conditions i.e, exit price. This is regardless of whether
that price is directly observable or estimated using a valuation technique.

This section explains the judgements and estimates made in determining the fair values of the financial instruments that are (a)
recognised and measured at fair value and (b) measured at amortised cost and for which fair value disclosures are provided in the
financial statements. To provide an indication about the reliability of the inputs used in determining fair value, the Company has
classified its financial instruments into the three levels prescribed under the accounting standards.

The Following methodologies and assumptions were used to estimate the fair values of the financial assets or liabilities

i) For all assets and liabilities which are not carried at fair value, disclosure of fair value is not required as the carrying amount
approximates fair value except as stated below.

a) The fair value of loans other than fixed rate instruments are estimated by discounted cash flow models considering all
significant characteristics of the loans. They are classified as Level 3 fair values in the fair value hierarchy due to the
use of unobservable inputs (discount rate). For fixed rate instruments not carried at fair value, carrying amount
approximates fair value.

b) The fair value of investment in Government securities are derived from rate equal to the rate near to the reporting date of
the comparable product.

ii) There has been no transfer in between level I and level II.

iii) The fair value of Derivatives are determined using inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in market place.

36. Financial risk management objectives and policies

The Company’s principal financial liabilities comprise borrowings from banks, issue of debentures and trade payables. The main purpose
of these financial liabilities is to finance the Company''s operations and to support its operations. The Company''s financial assets include
loans and advances, investments and cash and cash equivalents that derive directly from its operations.

The Company is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, foreign currency risk. The Company’s board of directors has an overall
responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the Company’s risk management framework. The board of directors has established
the Risk Management Committee and Asset Liability Committee, which is responsible for developing and monitoring the Company''s risk
management policies. The committee reports regularly to the board of directors on its activities.

Risk management framework

The Company''s board of directors and risk management committee has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the
Company''s risk management framework. The board of directors and risk management committee along with the top management are
responsible for developing and monitoring the Company’s risk management policies.

The Company''s risk management policies are established to identify and analyse the risks faced by the Company, to set appropriate risk
limits and controls and to monitor risks and adherence to limits. Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect
changes in market conditions and the Company’s activities. The Company, through its training and management standards and procedures,
aims to maintain a disciplined and constructive control environment in which all employees understand their roles and obligations.

The Company''s risk management committee oversees how management monitors compliance with the Company’s risk management
policies and procedures, and reviews the adequacy of the risk management framework in relation to the risks faced by the Company.

Excessive risk concentration

Concentrations arise when a number of counterparties are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographical
region, or have similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes
in economic, political or other conditions. Concentrations indicate the relative sensitivity of the Company''s performance to developments
affecting a particular industry or geographical location.

In order to avoid excessive concentrations of risk, the Company’s policies and procedures include specific guidelines to focus on maintaining
a diversified portfolio. Identified concentrations of credit risks are controlled and managed accordingly.

(i) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counter-party to financial instrument fails to meet its contractual
obligations and arises principally from the Company''s loans and investments. The carrying amounts of financial assets represent the
maximum credit risk exposure.

The Board has established a credit policy under which each new customer is analysed individually for creditworthiness before the
Company’s standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. The Company''s review includes external ratings, if they
are available, financial statements, credit agency information, industry information etc.

A. Loans

The Company’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. However,
management also considers the factors that may influence the credit risk of its customer base, including the default risk
associated with the industry.

An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date based on the facts and circumstances existing on that date to
identify expected losses on account of time value of money and credit risk. For the purposes of this analysis, the loan receivables
are categorised into groups based on days past due and the type of risk exposures. Each group is then assessed for impairment
using the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model as per the provisions of Ind AS 109 - financial instruments.

Staging:

As per the provision of Ind AS 109 general approach all financial instruments are allocated to stage 1 on initial recognition.
However, if a significant increase in credit risk is identified at the reporting date compared with the initial recognition, then
an instrument is transferred to stage 2. If there is objective evidence of impairment, then the asset is credit impaired and
transferred to stage 3. In line with the requirements of Ind-AS 109 read with circular on implementation of Indian Accounting
Standards dated March 13, 2020 issued by the Reserve Bank of India, the Company is guided by the definition of default / credit
impaired used for regulatory purposes for the purpose of accounting.

The Company considers a financial instrument defaulted and therefore Stage 3 (credit-impaired) for ECL calculations in all
cases when the borrower becomes 90 days past due on its contractual payments.

For financial assets in stage 1, the impairment calculated based on defaults that are possible in next twelve months, whereas for
financial instrument in stage 2 and stage 3 the ECL calculation considers default event for the lifespan of the instrument.

As per Ind AS 109, Company assesses whether there is a significant increase in credit risk at the reporting date from the initial
recognition. Company has staged the assets based on the Day past dues criteria and other market factors which significantly
impacts the portfolio.

Grouping

As per Ind AS 109, Company is required to group the portfolio based on the shared risk characteristics. Company has assessed
the risk and its impact on the various portfolios and has divided in to different segments:

Intermediate retail

Partnership based lending

Further for intermediate retail ECL is calculated separately for various products - Loans, securitisation, pooled loan products,
working capital loans, guarantee, NCDs.

For Partnership based Lending (PBL) book which is part of retail segment, PD is computed at sector level, ECL is calculated at
partner level and aggregated.

Expected credit loss ("ECL"):

ECL on financial assets is an unbiased probability weighted amount based out of possible outcomes after considering risk of

credit loss even if probability is low. ECL is calculated based on the following components:

a. Marginal Probability of default ("MPD")

b. Loss given default ("LGD")

c. Exposure at default ("EAD")

d. Discount factor ("D")

Marginal probability of default:

Probability of default ("PD") is defined as the probability of whether borrowers will default on their obligations in the future.

1. Intermediate Retail Portfolios (Ratings-Based Approach)

For intermediate retail portfolios, the TTC PD is determined using a ratings-based methodology.

Transition Matrices: The calculation is anchored on the observed movement of loans between Company''s internal
credit rating grades. Semi-annual transition matrices are generated, tracking rating migrations over six-month
periods using historical data from September 2017 to the latest reporting date.

? Averaging and Calibration: These historical six-month matrices are averaged to produce a single, long-run transition
matrix that represents stable, through-the-cycle performance. To ensure a logical relationship where credit risk
increases as credit quality declines (monotonicity), the resulting six-month PDs are smoothed using a loglinear
calibration method.

? Final TTC PD: The calibrated six-month PDs are then annualized to arrive at the final 12-month TTC PD for
each rating grade.

2. Partnership based lending (Delinquency-Based Approach)

For the partnership based lending, the TTC PD is calculated using a delinquency-based approach, leveraging static pool

and net flow analysis.

? Static Pool Analysis: To ensure a clear view of asset quality, loans are grouped by their origination period
(""vintage""). The Company analyze the performance of each vintage over time, tracking the movement of accounts
through delinquency stages. This method isolates the performance of underlying assets from the effect of new
loan origination.

? Net Flow to Default: The default rate is determined by observing the net flow of accounts from various delinquency
buckets into a state of 90 Days Past Due (DPD). This analysis is conducted using up to five years of historical data.

? Final TTC PD: A 12-month simple or weighted average of these historical default rates is calculated to establish the
TTC PD for the portfolio.

Forward-Looking Point-in-Time (PIT) PD Estimation

For all portfolios The TTC PD serves as a baseline for determining forward-looking PIT PDs.

? Macroeconomic Linkage: The Vasicek model, or other appropriate logistic regression models, are used to establish a
statistical relationship between the TTC PDs and key macroeconomic factors. This model converts the stable TTC PD
into a dynamic PIT PD that reflects the expected economic environment.

Scenario Analysis: To account for economic uncertainty, PIT PDs are estimated under three macroeconomic scenarios:
a base case, an optimistic case, and a pessimistic case. The optimistic and pessimistic scenarios are informed by
applying shocks (e.g., /- 10%) to the key macroeconomic variables within the model.

Marginal probability:

The PDs derived from the Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, are the cumulative PDs, stating that the
borrower can default in any of the given years, however to compute the loss for any given year, these cumulative PDs have to
be converted to marginal PDs. Marginal PDs is probability that the obligor will default in a given year, conditional on it having
survived till the end of the previous year.

Conditional marginal probability:

As per Ind AS 109, expected loss has to be calculated as an unbiased and probability-weighted amount for multiple scenarios.

The probability of default was calculated for 3 scenarios: upside, downside and base. This weightage has been decided on best
practices and expert judgement. Marginal conditional probability was calculated for all 3 possible scenarios and one conditional
PD was arrived as conditional weighted probability.

LGD

LGD is an estimate of the loss from a transaction given that a default occurs. Under Ind AS 109, lifetime LGD''s are defined as
a collection of LGD''s estimates applicable to different future periods. Various approaches are available to compute the LGD.
Considering the low expertise in default and recovery, the Company has considered an LGD of 65% as recommended by the
Foundation Internal Ratings Based (FIRB) approach under Basel II guidelines issued by RBI.

EAD:

As per Ind AS 109, EAD is estimation of the extent to which the financial entity may be exposed to counterparty in the event of
default and at the time of counterparty''s default. The Company has modelled EAD based on the contractual and behavioural
cash flows till the lifetime of the loans considering the expected prepayments.

The Company has considered expected cash flows , undrawn exposures and second loss credit enhancement (SLCE) for all the
loans at DPD bucket level for each of the risk segments, which was used for computation of ECL. Moreover, the EAD comprised
of principal component, accrued interest and also the future interest for the outstanding exposure. So discounting was done for
computation of expected credit loss.

Discounting:

As per Ind AS 109, ECL is computed by estimating the timing of the expected credit shortfalls associated with the defaults and
discounting them using effective interest rate.

ECL computation:

Conditional ECL at DPD pool level was computed with the following method:

Conditional ECL for year (yt) = EAD (yt) * conditional PD (yt) * LGD (yt) * discount factor (yt)

The calculation is based on provision matrix which considers actual historical data adjusted appropriately for the future
expectations and probabilities. Proportion of expected credit loss provided for across the stage is summarised below:

Collateral and other credit enhancements

The amount and type of collateral required depends on an assessment of the credit risk of the counterparty. Guidelines are in
place covering the acceptability and valuation of each type of collateral. The main types of collateral obtained are, vehicles, loan
portfolios and mortgaged properties based on the nature of loans. Management monitors the market value of collateral and will
request additional collateral in accordance with the underlying agreement.

Exposure to credit risk

The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The maximum exposure is the total of the
carrying amount of the aforesaid balances.

B. Investments

The Company''s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. The exposure to
credit risk for investments is to other non-banking finance companies and financial institutions.

The risk committee has established a credit policy under which each new investee pool is analysed individually for
creditworthiness before the Company''s standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. The Company''s
review includes external ratings, if they are available, financial statements, credit agency information, industry information etc.
For investments the collateral is the underlying loan pool purchased from the financial institutions.

An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date based on the facts and circumstances existing on that date to
identify expected losses on account of time value of money and credit risk. For the purposes of this analysis, the investments
are categorised into groups based on days past due. Each group is then assessed for impairment using the Expected Credit Loss
(ECL) model as per the provisions of Ind AS 109 - financial instruments. Further, the risk management committee periodically
assesses the credit rating information.

C. Cash and cash equivalent and bank deposits

The credit risk for cash and cash equivalents and deposits with banks are considered negligible, since the counterparties have
high quality external credit ratings.

(ii) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting its obligations associated with its financial liabilities.
The Company''s approach in managing liquidity is to ensure that it will have sufficient funds to meet its liabilities when due.

The Company is monitoring its liquidity risk by estimating the future inflows and outflows during the start of the year and
planned accordingly the funding requirement. The Company manages its liquidity by unutilised cash credit facility, term loans and
direct assignment.

The Company has also made sales through direct assignment route (off book) approximately 10% to 25% of assets under management.
This further strengthens the liability management.

The composition of the Company''s liability mix ensures healthy asset liability maturity pattern and well diverse resource mix.

The table below summarises the maturity profile of the Company’s non derivative financial liabilities based on contractual
undiscounted payments along with its carrying value as at the balance sheet date.

Note:

- The balances are gross of accrued interest and unamortised borrowing costs.

- Estimated expected cashflows considering the moratorium availed from lenders.

Also refer note 33B for detailed disclosure on Analysis of financial assets and liabilities by remaining contractual maturities

(iii) Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market
prices. Market risk includes foreign exchange rates, interest ra

---

Mar 31, 2024

l. Provisions

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

m. Leases

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. All leases are accounted for by recognising a right-of-use asset and a lease liability except for:

• Leases of low value assets; and

• Leases with a duration of 12 months or less.

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the in-substance fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e.the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement

of lease liabilities.The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Unless the Company is reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the recognised right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straightline basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term.

The Company determines the lease term as the initial period agreed in the lease agreement, together with both periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. In assessing whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, it considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the Company to exercise the option to extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease. The Company revises the lease term if there is a change in the initial period agreed in the lease agreement.

n. Taxes

i. Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts, and it is intended to realise the asset and settle the liability on a net basis or simultaneously.

Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Company shall reflect the effect of uncertainty for each uncertain

tax treatment by using either most likely method or expected value method, depending on which method predicts better resolution of the treatment.

ii. Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

• temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction;

• temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries and associates to the extent that the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and

• taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised/reduced to the extent that it is probable/no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

iii. Goods and services tax/value added taxes paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognised net of the goods and services tax/value added taxes paid, except:

a. When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

b. When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the balance sheet.

o. Borrowing cost

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs incurred in connection with the borrowings of funds. Borrowing costs directly attributable to acquisition or construction of an asset which necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. Other borrowings costs are recognised as an expense in the statement of profit and loss account on an accrual basis using the Effective Interest Rate Method.

p. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term balances (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

q. Earnings per share

The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per equity share in accordance with Ind AS 33, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per equity share is computed by dividing net profit/ loss after tax attributable to the equity share holders for the year by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per equity share is computed and disclosed by dividing the net profit/loss after tax attributable to the equity share holders for the year after giving impact of dilutive potential equity shares for the year by the weighted average number of equity shares and dilutive potential equity shares outstanding during the year, except where the results are anti-dilutive.

r. Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit after tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from regular revenue generating, financing and investing activities of the Company are segregated. Cash flows in foreign currencies are accounted at the actual rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

s. Derivative financial instruments

The Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to interest rate risk and foreign exchange rate risk.

Derivatives held include foreign exchange forward contracts, interest rate swaps and cross currency interest rate swaps.

Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the date when a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each balance sheet date. The resulting gain/loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and is effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in the statement of profit and loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship. The Company designates certain derivatives as hedges of highly probable forecast transactions (cash flow hedges). A derivative with a positive fair value is recognised as a financial asset whereas a derivative with a negative fair value is recognised as a financial liability.

t. Hedge accounting policy

The Company makes use of derivative instruments to manage exposures to interest rate and foreign currency. In order to manage particular risks, the Company applies hedge accounting for transactions that meet specific criteria. At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the Company''s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge, the hedging/economic relationship, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged, hedge ratio and how the Company would assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument''s fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item''s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an on-going basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.

Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:

(i) Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging instrument is recognised in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs. The

change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognised in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs.

For fair value hedges relating to items carried at amortised cost, any adjustment to carrying value is amortised through profit or loss over the remaining term of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortisation may begin as soon as an adjustment exists and no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.

I f the hedged item is derecognised, the unamortised fair value is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

When an unrecognised firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognised as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognised in profit or loss.

The Company has an interest rate swap that is used as a hedge for the exposure of changes in the fair value of its fixed rate secured loan. See Note 44 for more details.

(ii) Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in OCI in the Effective portion of cash flow hedges, while any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss. The Effective portion of cash flow hedges is adjusted to the lower of the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument and the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item.

The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments, as well as forward commodity contracts for its exposure to volatility in the commodity prices. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognised in finance costs and the ineffective portion relating to commodity contracts is recognised in other income or expenses. Refer to Note 44 for more details.

The Company designates only the spot element of a forward contract as a hedging

instrument. The forward element is recognised in OCI.

The amounts accumulated in OCI are accounted for, depending on the nature of the underlying hedged transaction. If the hedged transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial item, the amount accumulated in equity is removed from the separate component of equity and included in the initial cost or other carrying amount of the hedged asset or liability. This is not a reclassification adjustment and will not be recognised in OCI for the period. This also applies where the hedged forecast transaction of a non-financial asset or nonfinancial liability subsequently becomes a firm commitment for which fair value hedge accounting is applied.

For any other cash flow hedges, the amount accumulated in OCI is reclassified to profit or loss as reclassification adjustment in the same period or periods during which the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss.

If cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued, the amount that has been accumulated in OCI must remain in accumulated OCI if the hedged future cash flows are still expected to occur. Otherwise, the amount will be immediately reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment. After discontinuation, once the hedged cash flow occurs, any amount remaining in accumulated OCI must be accounted for depending on the nature of the underlying transaction as described above.

u. Business combinations and goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred measured at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Company elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree''s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The Company determines that it has acquired a business when the acquired set of activities and assets include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The acquired process is considered substantive if it is critical

to the ability to continue producing outputs, and the inputs acquired include an organised workforce with the necessary skills, knowledge, or experience to perform that process or it significantly contributes to the ability to continue producing outputs and is considered unique or scarce or cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay in the ability to continue producing outputs.

At the acqui siti on date, the i dentifi able assets acquired, and the liabilities assumed are recognised at their acquisition date fair values. For this purpose, the liabilities assumed include contingent liabilities representing present obligation and they are measured at their acquisition fair values irrespective of the fact that outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is not probable. However, the following assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are measured at the basis indicated below:

• Liabilities or equity instruments related to share based payment arrangements of the acquiree or share - based payments arrangements of the Company entered into to replace share-based payment arrangements of the acquiree are measured in accordance with Ind AS 102 Share-based Payments at the acquisition date.

• Assets that are classified as held for sale in accordance with Ind AS 105 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations are measured in accordance with that Standard.

• Reacquired rights are measured at a value determined on the basis of the remaining contractual term of the related contract. Such valuation does not consider potential renewal of the reacquired right.

When the Company acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Company re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures

used to measure the amounts to be recognised at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is recognised in OCI and accumulated in equity as capital reserve. However, if there is no clear evidence of bargain purchase, the entity recognises the gain directly in equity as capital reserve, without routing the same through OCI.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the Company''s cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

A cash generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss for goodwill is recognised in profit or loss. An impairment loss recognised for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a cashgenerating unit and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed in these circumstances is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cashgenerating unit retained.

If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Company reports provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted through goodwill during the measurement period, or additional assets or liabilities are recognised, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognised at that date. These adjustments are called as measurement period

adjustments. The measurement period does not exceed one year from the acquisition date.

New and amended standards

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has notified Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023 dated March 31, 2023 to amend the following Ind AS which are effective from April 2023. The company applied for the first-time these amendments.

(i) Definition of Accounting Estimates -Amendments to Ind AS 8

The amendments clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates and changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors. It has also been clarified how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company''s financial statements.

(ii) Disclosure of Accounting Policies -Amendments to Ind AS 1

The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their ''significant'' accounting policies with a

requirement to disclose their ''material'' accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures.

The amendments have had an impact on the Company''s disclosure of accounting policies, but not on the measurement, recognition or presentation of any items in the company''s Financial statements.

(iii) Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction - Amendments to Ind AS 12

The amendments narrow the scope of the initial recognition exception under Ind AS 12, so that it no longer applies to transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences such as leases. The Company previously recognised for deferred tax on leases on a net basis. As a result of these amendments, the Company has recognised a separate deferred tax asset in relation to its lease liabilities and a deferred tax liability in relation to its right-of-use assets. Since, these balances qualify for offset as per the requirements of paragraph 74 of Ind AS 12,there is no impact in the balance sheet.

(b) During the year, the Company has issued 354,127 (March 31, 2023: 123,750) equity shares which were allotted to employees who exercised their options under ESOP scheme.

(c) Shares reserved for issue under option:

Information relating to Employee Stock Option Schemes including the details of options issued, exercised and lapsed during the financial year and options outstanding at the end of the reporting period, is set out in note 41.

(d) Rights, preferences and restrictions attached to each class of shares

i) Equity shares

The Company has a single class of equity shares. Accordingly all equity shares rank equally with regard to dividends and share in the Company''s residual assets. The equity shares are entitled to receive dividend as declared from time to time subject to payment of dividend to preference shareholders. Dividends are paid in Indian Rupees. Dividend proposed by the board of directors, if any, is subject to the approval of the shareholders at the General Meeting, except in the case of interim dividend.

I n the event of liquidation of the Company, the holders of equity shares will be entitled to receive remaining assets of the Company, after distribution of all preferential amounts. The distribution will be in proportion to the number of equity shares held by the shareholders.

ii) 0.0001% Compulsorily convertible preference shares:

0.0001% Compulsory Convertible Preference Shares (''CCPS'') having a par value of INR 20 is convertible in the ratio of 1:1 and are treated pari-passu with equity shares on all voting rights. The conversion shall happen at the option of the preference shareholders. The CCPS if not converted by the preference shareholders shall be compulsorily converted into equity shares upon any of the following events:

a. In connection with an IPO, immediately prior to the filing of red herring prospectus (or equivalent document, by whatever name called) with the competent authority or such later date as may be permitted under applicable law at the relevant time; and

b. The date which is 19 (nineteen) years from the date of allotment of CCPS.

Till conversion, the holders of CCPS shall be entitled to a dividend of 0.0001%, if any, declared upon profits of the Company and a proportionate dividend, if any declared on equity shares on ''as converted'' basis.

(e) There are no bonus shares, non-cash issues in the last 5 years

Nature and purpose of reserve

(i) Securities premium

The Company has established various equity settled share based payment plans for certain categories of employees of the Company. Refer Note 41 for the details about each of the schemes. The amount represents reserve created to the extent of granted options based on the employee stock option scheme. Under Ind AS 102, fair value of the options granted is to be expelled off over the life of the vesting period as employee compensation cost reflecting period of receipt of service. Refer Note 41.

(ii) Shared Based Payment Reserve

The Company has established various equity settled share based payment plans for certain categories of employees of the Company. Refer Note 41 for the details about each of the schemes. The amount represents reserve created to the extent of granted options based on the employee stock option scheme. Under Ind AS 102, fair value of the options granted is to be expelled off over the life of the vesting period as employee compensation cost reflecting period of receipt of service. Refer Note 41.

(iii) Statutory reserve

Reserve u/s. 45-IA of RBI Act, 1934 is created in accordance with section 45 IC(1) of the RBI Act, 1934 pursuant to which a Non Banking Finance Company shall create a reserve fund and transfer therein a sum not less than twenty percent of its net profit every year as disclosed in the statement of profit and loss account, before any dividend is declared. As per Section 45 IC(2) of the RBI Act, 1934, no appropriation of any sum from this reserve fund shall be made by the non-banking financial company except for the purpose as may be specified by RBI.

(iv) Retained earnings

Retained earnings are the profits/(loss) that the Company has earned/incurred till date, less any transfers to general reserve, dividends or other distributions paid to shareholders. Retained earnings include remeasurement loss/(gain) on defined benefit plans, net of taxes that will not be reclassified to Statement of Profit and Loss.

(v) Capital reserve

During the year ended March 31, 2017, the Company approved the Scheme of Arrangement (Demerger) & Amalgamation between the Company, IFMR Holdings Private Limited (''IFMR Holdings''), Dvara Investments Private Limited and their respective shareholders and creditors under sections 230 to 232 of the Companies Act, 2013. Pursuant to such scheme of arrangement entered in the year ended March, 31, 2017, the Company has created a capital reserve in accordance with the applicable accounting standards.

(vi) Capital redemption reserve

The capital redemption reserve was created on account of the redemption of the Cumulative non convertible compulsorily redeemable preference shares in accordance with section 69 of Companies Act, 2013.

(vii) Other comprehensive income

a) The Company has elected to recognise changes in the fair value of loans and investments in other comprehensive income. These changes are accumulated within other equity - Financial Instruments through OCI. Amounts recognised as fair value is reclassified to the statement of profit and loss when the financial instrument affects profit or loss (e.g. interest receipts).

b) The Company has applied hedge accounting for designated and qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument is initially recognised directly in OCI within equity as cash flow hedge reserve. Amounts recognised in the effective portion of cash flow hedges is reclassified to the statement of profit and loss when the hedged item affects profit or loss (e.g. interest payments).

(viii) Share application money received pending allotment

The company has received share application money against exercise of 74,500 shares at face value of INR 10 each at an aggregate premium of INR 76.31 lakh from employees on March 28, 2024, which has been allotted subsequently on April 02, 2024.

A. Fair value measurement Valuation principles

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction in the principal (or most advantageous) market at the measurement date under current market conditions i.e, exit price. This is regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using a valuation technique.

This section explains the judgements and estimates made in determining the fair values of the financial instruments that are (a) recognised and measured at fair value and (b) measured at amortised cost and for which fair value disclosures are provided in the financial statements. To provide an indication about the reliability of the inputs used in determining fair value, the Company has classified its financial instruments into the three levels prescribed under the accounting standards.

The Following methodologies and assumptions were used to estimate the fair values of the financial assets or liabilities.

i) For all assets and liabilities which are not carried at fair value, disclosure of fair value is not required as the carrying amount approximates fair value except as in (a) stated below.

a) The fair value of loans other than fixed rate instruments are estimated by discounted cash flow models considering all significant characteristics of the loans. They are classified as Level 3 fair values in the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs (discount rate). For fixed rate instruments not carried at fair value, carrying amount approximates fair value.

b) The fair value of investment in Government securities are derived from rate equal to the rate near to the reporting date of the comparable product.

ii) There has been no transfer in between level I, level II and level III.

iii) The fair value of Derivatives are determined using inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in market place.

The Company''s policy is to maintain a strong capital base so as to maintain investor, creditor and market confidence and to sustain future development of the business. Management monitors the return on capital, as well as the level of dividends to equity shareholders.

The board of directors seeks to maintain a balance between the higher returns that might be possible with higher levels of borrowing and the advantages and security afforded by a sound capital position.

The Company maintains an actively managed capital base to cover risks inherent in the business and is meeting the capital adequacy requirements of the local banking supervisor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The adequacy of the Company''s capital is monitored using, among other measures, the regulations issued by RBI.

The Company has complied in full with all its externally imposed capital requirements over the reported period. Equity share capital, Compulsorily convertible preference share capital and other equity are considered for the purpose of Company''s capital management. Also refer note 47. No changes were made in the objectives, policies or processes for managing capital during the year ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

36.Financial risk management objectives and policies

The Company''s principal financial liabilities comprise borrowings from banks, issue of debentures and trade payables. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance the Company''s operations and to support its operations. The Company''s financial assets include loans and advances, investments and cash and cash equivalents that derive directly from its operations.

The Company is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, foreign currency risk. The Company''s board of directors has an overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the Company''s risk management framework. The board of directors has established the Risk Management Committee and Asset Liability Committee, which is responsible for developing and monitoring the Company''s risk management policies. The committee reports regularly to the board of directors on its activities.

Risk management framework

The Company''s board of directors and risk management committee has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the Company''s risk management framework. The board of directors and risk management committee along with the top management are responsible for developing and monitoring the Company''s risk management policies.

The Company''s risk management policies are established to identify and analyse the risks faced by the Company, to set appropriate risk limits and controls and to monitor risks and adherence to limits. Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the Company''s activities. The Company, through its training and management standards and procedures, aims to maintain a disciplined and constructive control environment in which all employees understand their roles and obligations.

The Company''s risk management committee oversees how management monitors compliance with the Company''s risk management policies and procedures, and reviews the adequacy of the risk management framework in relation to the risks faced by the Company.

Excessive risk concentration

Concentrations arise when a number of counterparties are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographical region, or have similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic, political or other conditions. Concentrations indicate the relative sensitivity of the Company''s performance to developments affecting a particular industry or geographical location.

In order to avoid excessive concentrations of risk, the Company''s policies and procedures include specific guidelines to focus on maintaining a diversified portfolio. Identified concentrations of credit risks are controlled and managed accordingly.

(i) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counter-party to financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations and arises principally from the Company''s loans and investments. The carrying amounts of financial assets represent the maximum credit risk exposure.

A. Loans

The Company''s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. However, management also considers the factors that may influence the credit risk of its customer base, including the default risk associated with the industry.

An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date based on the facts and circumstances existing on that date to identify expected losses on account of time value of money and credit risk. For the purposes of this analysis, the loan receivables are categorised into groups based on days past due and the type of risk exposures. Each group is then assessed for impairment using the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model as per the provisions of Ind AS 109 - financial instruments.

Staging:

As per the provision of Ind AS 109 general approach all financial instruments are allocated to stage 1 on initial recognition. However, if a significant increase in credit risk is identified at the reporting date compared with the initial recognition, then an instrument is transferred to stage 2. If there is objective evidence of impairment, then the asset is credit impaired and transferred to stage 3. In line with the requirements of Ind-AS 109 read with circular on implementation of Indian Accounting Standards dated March 13, 2020 issued by the Reserve Bank of India, the Company is guided by the definition of default/ credit impaired used for regulatory purposes for the purpose of accounting.

The Company considers a financial instrument defaulted and therefore Stage 3 (credit-impaired) for ECL calculations in all cases when the borrower becomes 90 days past due on its contractual payments.

For financial assets in stage 1, the impairment calculated based on defaults that are possible in next twelve months, whereas for financial instrument in stage 2 and stage 3 the ECL calculation considers default event for the lifespan of the instrument.

As per Ind AS 109, Company assesses whether there is a significant increase in credit risk at the reporting date from the initial recognition. Company has staged the assets based on the Day past dues criteria and other market factors which significantly impacts the portfolio.

Grouping

As per Ind AS 109, Company is required to group the portfolio based on the shared risk characteristics. Company has assessed the risk and its impact on the various portfolios and has divided the portfolio into following groups:

- Loans

- Guarantees to pooled issuances

- Other guarantees

- Undrawn exposure

- Second loss credit enhancement

- Investments in pass through securities

- Investments in non convertible debentures

36. Financial Risk Management objectives and policies (contd.)

i. Credit Risk (contd.)

Expected credit loss ("ECL"):

ECL on financial assets is an unbiased probability weighted amount based out of possible outcomes after considering risk of credit loss even if probability is low. ECL is calculated based on the following components:

a. Marginal Probability of default ("MPD")

b. Loss given default ("LGD")

c. Exposure at default ("EAD")

d. Discount factor ("D")

Marginal probability of default:

Probability of default (“PD”) is defined as the probability of whether borrowers will default on their obligations in the future. Historical PD is derived from the internal data which is calibrated with forward looking macroeconomic factors.

For computation of PD, Pluto Tash Model was used to forecast the PD term structure over lifetime of loans. As per given long term PD and current macroeconomic conditions, conditional PD corresponding to current macroeconomic condition is estimated. The Company has worked out on PD based on the last four years historical data.

Marginal probability:

The PDs derived from the Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, are the cumulative PDs, stating that the borrower can default in any of the given years, however to compute the loss for any given year, these cumulative PDs have to be converted to marginal PDs. Marginal PDs is probability that the obligor will default in a given year, conditional on it having survived till the end of the previous year.

Conditional marginal probability:

As per Ind AS 109, expected loss has to be calculated as an unbiased and probability-weighted amount for multiple scenarios.

The probability of default was calculated for 3 scenarios: upside, downside and base. This weightage has been decided on best practices and expert judgement. Marginal conditional probability was calculated for all 3 possible scenarios and one conditional PD was arrived as conditional weighted probability.

LGD

LGD is an estimate of the loss from a transaction given that a default occurs. Under Ind AS 109, lifetime LGD''s are defined as a collection of LGD''s estimates applicable to different future periods. Various approaches are available to compute the LGD. Considering the low expertise in default and recovery, the Company has considered an LGD of 65% as recommended by the Foundation Internal Ratings Based (FIRB) approach under Basel II guidelines issued by RBI.

EAD:

As per Ind AS 109, EAD is estimation of the extent to which the financial entity may be exposed to counterparty in the event of default and at the time of counterparty''s default. The Company has modelled EAD based on the contractual and behavioural cash flows till the lifetime of the loans considering the expected prepayments.

The Company has considered expected cash flows, undrawn exposures and second loss credit enhancement (SLCE) for all the loans at DPD bucket level for each of the risk segments, which was used for computation of ECL. Moreover, the EAD comprised of principal component, accrued interest and also the future interest for the outstanding exposure. So discounting was done for computation of expected credit loss.

Discounting:

As per Ind AS 109, ECL is computed by estimating the timing of the expected credit shortfalls associated with the defaults and discounting them using effective interest rate.

Collateral and other credit enhancements

The amount and type of collateral required depends on an assessment of the credit risk of the counterparty. Guidelines are in place covering the acceptability and valuation of each type of collateral. The main types of collateral obtained are, vehicles, loan portfolios and mortgaged properties based on the nature of loans. Management monitors the market value of collateral and will request additional collateral in accordance with the underlying agreement.

Exposure to credit risk

The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The maximum exposure is the total of the carrying amount of the aforesaid balances.

B. Investments

The Company''s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. The exposure to credit risk for investments is to other non-banking finance companies and financial institutions.

The risk committee has established a credit policy under which each new investee pool is analysed individually for creditworthiness before the Company''s standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. The Company''s review includes external ratings, if they are available, financial statements, credit agency information, industry information etc. For investments the collateral is the underlying loan pool purchased from the financial institutions.

An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date based on the facts and circumstances existing on that date to identify expected losses on account of time value of money and credit risk. For the purposes of this analysis, the investments are categorised into groups based on days past due. Each group is then assessed for impairment using the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model as per the provisions of Ind AS 109 - financial instruments. Further, the risk management committee periodically assesses the credit rating information.

C. Cash and cash equivalent and Bank deposits

Credit risk on cash and cash equivalent and bank deposits is limited as the Company generally invests in term deposits with banks

(ii) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting its obligations associated with its financial liabilities. The Company''s approach in managing liquidity is to ensure that it will have sufficient funds to meet its liabilities when due.

The Company is monitoring its liquidity risk by estimating the future inflows and outflows during the start of the year and planned accordingly the funding requirement. The Company manages its liquidity by unutilised cash credit facility, term loans and direct assignment.

The composition of the Company''s liability mix ensures healthy asset liability maturity pattern and well diverse resource mix.

The table below summarises the maturity profile of the Company''s non derivative financial liabilities based on contractual undiscounted payments along with its carrying value as at the balance sheet date.

(iii) Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk includes foreign exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices which will affect the Companies income or the value of holdings of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to manage and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters, while optimising the return.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company''s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Company''s investment in bank deposits and variable interest rate lending. Whenever there is a change in borrowing interest rate for the Company, necessary change is reflected in the lending interest rates over the timeline in order to mitigate the risk of change in interest rates of borrowings.

(iv) Foreign currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the value of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. Foreign currency risk for the Company arises majorly on account of foreign currency borrowings. The Company manages this foreign currency risk by entering into cross currency interest rate swaps. When a derivative is entered into for the purpose of being as hedge, the Company negotiates the terms of those derivatives to match with the terms of the hedge exposure. The Company''s policy is to fully hedge its foreign currency borrowings at the time of drawdown and remain so till payment.

The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as cross currency interest rate swap to mitigate risk of changes in exchange rate in foreign currency and floating interest rate. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank. These derivative financial instruments are valued based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilites in active markets or inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in market place. Also refer note 44.

(v) Collateral and other credit enhancements

The amount and type of collateral required depends on an assessment of the credit risk of the counterparty. Guidelines are in place covering the acceptability and valuation of each type of collateral.

The main types of collateral obtained are, as follows:

a. For corporate and small business lending, charges over trade receivables and

b. For retail lending, collateral in the form of first loss guarantee is obtained from the servicing entity or over identified fixed asset of the borrower

Management monitors the market value of collateral and will request for additional collateral in accordance with the underlying agreement. In its normal course of business, the Company does not physically repossess assets in its retail portfolio, but engages external agents to recover funds, generally at auction, to settle outstanding debt. Any surplus funds are returned to the customers/obligors. As a result of this practice, the assets under legal repossession processes are not recorded on the balance sheet and not treated as non-current assets held for sale.

(vi) Technology risk

Technology risk Technology risk may arise from potential impact to IT systems and data because of hardware or software failure, human errors, as well as engineered cyber-attacks. In an era where technology is an imperative to drive efficiency, effectiveness and innovation, it becomes essential for the NBFC to have well-defined policies and procedures, necessary infrastructure and controls, and periodic audits to guard itself against any looming threats. The Company has implemented the Master Directions on Technology notified by the Reserve Bank of India and has put in place the necessary policies, procedures, controls and governance mechanisms to mitigate this risk. In addition, the Company also undergoes an IT audit by an independent firm on a yearly basis, has periodic vulnerability and penetration tests conducted by a third-party agency to identify and plug any loopholes in its technology infrastructure, process controls and remediation preparedness. The IT Strategy Committee of the Company looks into all these aspects to protect the Company''s technology and data assets, and ensure adequate preparedness to manage these risks.

i. Matters wherein management has concluded the Company''s liability to be probable have accordingly been provided for in the books. Also refer note 18A.

ii. Matters wherein management has concluded the Company''s liability to be possible have accordingly been disclosed in above note.

Matters wherein management is confident of suceeding in these litigations and have concluded the Company''s liability to be remote. This is based on the relevant facts of judicial precedents and as advised by legal counsel which involves various legal proceedings and claims in different stages of process.

39. Disclosure under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006

Under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Act, 2006 (''MSMED'') which came into force from October 2, 2006, certain disclosures are required to be made relating to Micro, Small and Medium enterprises. Based on the information and records available with management and to the extent of confirmation sought from suppliers on registration with specified authority under MSMED, principal amount, interest accrued and remaining unpaid and interest paid during the year is furnished as under. The disclosure provided below are based on the information and records maintained by the management and have been relied upon by the auditor.

41. Share Based Payaments

Employee Stock Option Plan 2016 (ESOP) has been approved by the Board at its meeting held on October 7, 2016 and by the members in the Extra Ordinary General Meeting held on October 7, 2016.

41.1 Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2016 - “Scheme 1”

The Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Plan 2016 is applicable to all employees including employees of subsidiaries. The options were issued on March 1, 2017, and will be exercised at INR 10. The options are vested over a period of 4 years in 40:20:20:20 proportion.

Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2016 - “Scheme II”

The Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Plan 2016 is applicable to all employees including employees of subsidiaries. The options were issued in seventeen tranches. The exercise price ranging between INR 110 to INR 275. The options are vested equally over a period of 5 years.

Northern Arc Employee Stock Option Scheme 2023 - “Scheme- II B”

The Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Plan 2016 is applicable to all employees including employees of subsidiaries. The options were issued on 9^th September 2021. The exercise price is INR 275. The options are vested equally over a period of 5 years.

Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2018 - “Scheme III”

The Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2016 is applicable to all employees including employees of subsidiaries. The options were issued in five tranches. The exercise price ranging between INR 10 to INR 275. The options are vested over a period of 3 years in 30:30:40 proportion.

Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2022 - “Scheme- IV”

The Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2022 is applicable to all employees including employees of subsidiaries. The options under this scheme were issued on 21^st July, 2021. The exercise price is INR 324 price per share. The options are vested over a period of 4 years in 25:25:25:25 proportion.

Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2023 - “Scheme- IVB”

The Northern Arc Capital Employee Stock Option Scheme 2023 is applicable to all employees including employees of subsidiaries. The options under this scheme were issued on five tranches. The exercise price is 275 per share. The options are vested over a period of 4 years in 25:25:25:25 proportion.

(b) Exchange Traded Interest Rate (IR) Derivatives

The Company has not entered into any exchange traded derivative in the current year and in the

previous year.

(c) Disclosures on Risk Exposure in Derivatives Qualitative Disclosures

(i) The Company undertakes the derivatives transaction to prudently hedge the risk in context of a particular borrowing and to maintain fixed and floating borrowing mix. The Company does not indulge into any derivative trading transactions. The Company reviews, the proposed transaction and outline any considerations associated with the transaction, including identification of the benefits and potential risks (worst case scenarios); an independent analysis of potential savings from the proposed transaction.