Accounting Policies of Ceat Ltd. Company

Mar 31, 2025

Note 1: Corporate Information

CEAT Limited (the ''Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. The Company''s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and flaps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets. The Company is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The registered office of the Company is located at RPG House, 463, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400030. The financial statements were approved for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on April 29, 2025.

Note 2: Basis of preparation, measurement and material accounting policies.2.1 Basis of preparation and measurement

2.1.1 Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the ''Ind AS'') as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended from time to time and presentation requirements of Division II of revised Schedule III of the Companies Act 2013 (Ind AS compliant Schedule III).

The financial statements have been prepared on accrual and going concern basis. The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the periods presented in the financial statements.

The financial statements are presented in "C”, the functional currency of the Company. Items included in the financial statements of the Company are recorded using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (the ''functional currency'').

All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lacs as per the requirements of Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013, unless otherwise stated. Wherever the amount represented ''0'' (zero) construes value less than Rupees fifty thousand.

2.1.2 Basis of Measurement

These financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention except for the following

assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

• Derivative financial instruments and

• Investment in others (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

In addition, the carrying values of recognised assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortised cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships.

2.2 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the Balance Sheet based on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle.

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading.

• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle.

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading.

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

2.3 Revenue from operation

2.3.1 Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenues from contracts with customers are recognised when the performance obligations towards customer have been met. Performance obligations are deemed to have been met when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company acts as the principle in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

An entity collects Goods and Services Tax (''GST'') on behalf of the government and not on its own account. Hence it is excluded from revenue, i.e. Revenue is net of GST.

2.3.2 Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods (Tyres, tubes and flaps) is recognised at the point of time when control of the goods is transferred to customer depending on terms of sales.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g. Sales related obligations). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, if any.

2.3.2.1 Variable consideration

Variable consideration includes various forms of discounts like volume discounts, price concessions, incentives, etc. on the goods sold to its dealers and distributors. In all such cases, accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the variability in revenue, using the expected value method and the revenue is recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur in future on account of refund or discounts.

2.3.2.2 Significant financing component

Generally, the Company receives short-term advances from its customers. Using the

practical expedient in Ind AS 115, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

2.3.3 Contract balances Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company''s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to note 2.14 -Financial Instruments in accounting policies.

2.3.4 Dividend Income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder''s right to receive payment has been established (provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably).

2.4 Investments in subsidiaries and associates

Investments in subsidiaries and associates are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Where an indication of impairment exists, the carrying amount of the investment is assessed and written down immediately to its recoverable amount. On disposal of investments in subsidiaries and associates, the difference between net disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.5 Government grants, subsidies and export incentives

Government grants / subsidies are recognised in statement of profit and loss as per income approach when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with all the conditions attached to them and that the grant / subsidy will be received.

The Company has determined that reasonable assurance is established upon receipt of sanction letter approving the incentive amount in accordance with the respective State Industrial Promotion Subsidy.

The Company has chosen to adjust grant under the Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') scheme from the carrying value of non-monetary asset pursuant to amendment in Ind AS 20.

2.6 Taxes

2.6.1 Current tax

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is either in Other Comprehensive Income (''OCI'') or in equity. Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in the Statement of Profit and Loss or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Interest expenses and penalties, if any, related to income tax are included in finance cost and other expenses respectively. Interest Income, if any, related to income tax is included in Other Income.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the wide range of business relationships and the long-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions, based on reasonable estimates, for possible consequences of audits by the tax authorities of the respective countries in which it operates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such as experience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity and the responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issues depending on the conditions prevailing in the Company''s domicile.

2.6.2 Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Asset Class	Useful life
Freehold land	Non depreciable
Buildings (including temporary structures)	1 year - 60 years
Plant & Equipment	1 year - 20 years
Furniture & Fixture	1 year - 10 years
Vehicle	1 year - 8 years
Office Equipment	1 Year- 5 years

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is recognised either in OCI or in equity. Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

2.7 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of property, plant and equipment at 1 April 2015, the company''s date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognised as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Property, plant and equipment which are not ready for intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress”.

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under "Other non-current assets”.

Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method based on useful life estimated by the management and supported by independent assessment by professionals which may not be necessarily in the alignment with the useful lives prescribed by schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Depreciation commences when the asset is ready for its intended use. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets.

The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives and residual values of the fixed assets.

The residual values, useful life and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

2.8 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalised development costs, are not capitalised and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the

expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of intangible assets at 1 April 2015, the Company''s date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognized as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Intangible assets are amortised on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method based on useful life estimated by the management as under:

Asset Class	Useful life
Software	1 Year - 6 years
Brand (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Technical know-how (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Product development (refer 2.8.2)	6 - 20 years
Design and Patent	4 - 25 years

2.8.1 Technical know-how and Brand

Technical know-how: The Company has originally generated technical know-how and assistance from International Tire Engineering Resources LLC, for setting up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant / facility, this technical know-how, is amortised on a straight-line basis over a period of twenty years.

Brand: The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT” brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realisation. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

2.8.2 Research and development costs (Product development)

Research costs are charged to P&L as and when they are incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale.

• Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset.

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits.

• The availability of resources to complete the asset.

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.

The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

2.8.3 Impairment of Non-Financial Assets

At the end of each reporting year, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible assets and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money

and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The carrying amounts of the Company''s non-financial assets are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset''s recoverable amount is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss, if any.

2.9 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale (''qualifying asset'') are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

2.10 Leases

The Company has entered into various arrangements like lease of premises and outsourcing arrangements which has been disclosed accordingly under Ind AS 116. At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract

is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The assessment of whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset depends on whether the Company obtains substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset and whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

2.10.1 Right-of-use assets

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the underlying asset as follows:

Asset Class	Useful life
Building	1 - 11 years
Land	95 Years
Others (includes buildings & Plant	2 - 10 years
& machinery)

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The Company presents right-of-use assets separately in the Balance Sheet.

In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

2.10.2 Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of future lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless the cost is included in the carrying value of inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.The Company''s lease liabilities are included in current and non-current financial liabilities. Lease liability has been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

2.10.3 Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to the contracts which have a lease term of 12 months or less from the date of commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to the lease contracts that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2.11 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value on item by item basis.

The cost of inventories includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis:

• Cost of raw materials includes the transfer of gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges, recognised in OCI, in respect of the purchases of raw materials. Raw materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost.

• Work-in-progress and finished goods includes direct materials, labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing cost.

• Traded goods and stores & spares include cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

2.12 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of Profit and Loss net of any reimbursement. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as a finance cost.

2.12.1 Sales related obligations

The estimated liability for sales related obligations is recorded when products are sold. These estimates

are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically up to three to seven years. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of sales related obligations (related costs) is revised annually.

2.12.2 Decommissioning liability

The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of land taken on lease at one of the manufacturing facility for the production of tyres. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognised as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.

2.12.3 Litigations

The Company is party to various lawsuits that are at administrative or judicial level or in their initial stages, involving tax and civil matters. The Company contests all claims in the court / tribunals / appellate authority levels and based on their assessment and that of their legal counsel, records a provision when the risk or loss is considered probable. The outflow is expected on cessations of the respective events.

2.13 Employee benefits

2.13.1 Defined contribution plan

Retirement benefit in the form of Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare fund are defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the above mentioned funds. The Company recognises contribution payable to these funds / schemes as an expense when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable is recognised as a liability after deducting

the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

2.13.1.1 Defined benefit plan

For defined benefit plans, the amount recognised as ''Employee benefit expenses'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss is the cost of accruing employee benefits promised to employees over the year and the costs of individual events such as past / future service benefit changes and settlements (such events are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss). The amount of net interest expense calculated by applying the liability discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset is charged or credited to ''Finance costs'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Any differences between the expected interest income on plan assets and the return achieved, and any changes in the liabilities over the year due to changes in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments within the plans, are recognised immediately in OCI and subsequently not reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The defined benefit plan surplus or deficit on the Balance Sheet date comprises fair value of plan assets less the present value of the defined benefit liabilities using a discount rate by reference to market yields on Government bonds at the end of the reporting period.

All defined benefit plans obligations are determined based on valuations, as at the Balance Sheet date, made by independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. The classification of the Company''s net obligation into current and non-current is as per the actuarial valuation report.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (''past service cost'' or ''past service gain'') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

2.13.2 Termination benefits

Termination benefits, in the nature of voluntary retirement benefits or termination benefits

arising from restructuring are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company recognises termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates:

• When the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; or

• When the Company recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and involves the payment of termination benefits.

Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to their present value.

2.14 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

2.14.1 Financial assets

Financial assets are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

2.14.1.1 Initial recognition and measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is recognised at fair value. In case of financial assets which are recognised at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL) except for trade receivables without financing component which are measured at transaction price, its transaction cost is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. In other cases, the transaction cost is attributed to the acquisition value of the financial asset.

2.14.1.2 Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in two categories:

2.14.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

2.14.1.2.2 Equity instruments measured at FVTOCI

2.14.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

A debt instrument is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows; and

• Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (''SPPI'') on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This category generally applies to other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

2.14.1.2.2 Equity instruments

All investments in equity instruments within the scope of Ind AS 109 are initially measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in the OCI subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-byinstrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

In case of equity instrument classified as FVTOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognised in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of Profit and Loss, even on derecognition of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(iii) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).

The Company follows ''simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets [i.e. (ii) and (iii) above] and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12 month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12 month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12 month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

• All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.

2.14.1.3 Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or

• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ''pass-through'' arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company''s continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

2.14.1.4 Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (''ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

(i) Trade receivables

(ii) Financial assets measured at amortised cost (other than trade receivables)

• Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates and changes in the forward-looking estimates are updated. For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognised during the period is recognised as income / expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This amount is reflected under the head ''other expenses'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The Balance Sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

• Financial assets measured at amortised cost and contractual revenue receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the Balance Sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase / origination.

2.14.2 Financial liabilities

2.14.2.1 Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and in the case of borrowings net of directly attributable transaction costs.

2.14.2.2 Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

2.14.2.2.1 Financial liabilities at amortised cost

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.14.2.3 Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.14.3 Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to manage its foreign currency risks. These derivative instruments are designated as cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges and are entered into for period consistent with currency. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.18 Earnings Per Share (''EPS'')

Basic EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company after adjusting impact of dilution shares by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of equity shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential equity shares into equity shares.

2.19 Segment Reporting

The Executive Management Committee evaluates the Company''s performance and allocates the resources based on an analysis of various performance indicators by business segments.

The Company prepares its segment information in conformity with the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the financial statements of the Company as a whole.

2.20 Contingent liabilities and assets

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non—occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognised because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognised because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognise a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

2.21 Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require an adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities in future periods. Difference between actual results and estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known / materialised.

2.14.3.1 Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit or Loss.

The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Amounts recognised as OCI are transferred to the Statement of Profit and Loss when the hedged transaction affects profit and loss, i.e. when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognised or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognised as OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.

2.14.4 Fair value measurement

The Company measures derivatives instruments like forward contracts at fair value at each Balance Sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability; or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (base

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Mar 31, 2024

Note 1: Corporate Information

CEAT Limited (the ''Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. The Company''s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and flaps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets. The Company is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The registered office of the Company is located at RPG House, 463, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400030. The financial statements were approved for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 2, 2024.

Note 2: Basis of preparation, measurement and material accounting policies.

2.1 Basis of preparation and measurement

2.1.1 Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the ''Ind AS'') as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended from time to time and presentation requirements of Division II of revised Schedule III of the Companies Act 2013 (Ind AS compliant Schedule III).

The financial statements have been prepared on accrual and going concern basis. The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the periods presented in the financial statements.

The financial statements are presented in "H", the functional currency of the Company. Items included in the financial statements of the Company are recorded using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (the ''functional currency'').

All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lakhs as per the requirements of Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013, unless otherwise stated. Wherever the amount represented ''0'' (zero) construes value less than Rupees fifty thousand.

2.1.2 Basis of Measurement

These financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

^ Derivative financial instruments and

^ Investment in others (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

In addition, the carrying values of recognised assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortised cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values

attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships.

2.2 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the Balance Sheet based on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

^ Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle.

^ Held primarily for the purpose of trading.

^ Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

^ It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle.

^ It is held primarily for the purpose of trading.

^ It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

^ There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

2.3 Revenue from operation & other income

2.3.1 Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenues from contracts with customers are recognised when the performance obligations towards customer have been met. Performance obligations are deemed to have been met when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company acts as the principle in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

An entity collects Goods and Services Tax (''GST'') on behalf of the government and not on its own account. Hence it is excluded from revenue, i.e. Revenue is net of GST.

2.3.2 Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods (Tyres, tubes and flaps) is recognised at the point of time when control of the goods is transferred to customer depending on terms of sales.

incentive amount in accordance with the respective State Industrial Promotion Subsidy.

The Company has chosen to adjust grant under the Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') scheme from the carrying value of non-monetary asset pursuant to amendment in Ind AS 20.

2.6 Taxes

2.6.1 Current tax

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is either in Other Comprehensive Income (''OCI'') or in equity. Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in the Statement of Profit and Loss or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Interest expenses and penalties, if any, related to income tax are included in finance cost and other expenses respectively. Interest Income, if any, related to income tax is included in Other Income.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the wide range of business relationships and the long-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions, based on reasonable estimates, for possible consequences of audits by the tax authorities of the respective countries in which it operates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such as experience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity and the responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issues depending on the conditions prevailing in the Company''s domicile.

2.6.2 Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g. Sales related obligations). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, if any.

2.3.2.1 Variable consideration

Variable consideration includes various forms of discounts like volume discounts, price concessions, incentives, etc. on the goods sold to its dealers and distributors. In all such cases, accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the variability in revenue, using the expected value method and the revenue is recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur in future on account of refund or discounts.

2.3.2.2 Significant financing component

Generally, the Company receives short-term advances from its customers. Using the practical expedient in Ind AS 115, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

2.3.3 Contract balances

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company''s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to note 2.15 - Financial Instruments in accounting policies.

2.4 Investments in subsidiaries and associates

Investments in subsidiaries and associates are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Where an indication of impairment exists, the carrying amount of the investment is assessed and written down immediately to its recoverable amount. On disposal of investments in subsidiaries and associates, the difference between net disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.5 Government grants, subsidies and export incentives

Government grants / subsidies are recognised in statement of profit and loss as per income approach when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with all the conditions attached to them and that the grant / subsidy will be received.

The Company has determined that reasonable assurance is established upon receipt of sanction letter approving the

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

^ When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

^ In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

^ When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

^ In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is recognised either in OCI or in equity. Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

2.7 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of property, plant and equipment at 1 April 2015, the company''s date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognised as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Property, plant and equipment which are not ready for intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress".

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under "Other non-current assets"

Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method based on useful life estimated by the management and supported by independent assessment by professionals which may not be necessarily in the alignment with the useful lives prescribed by schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Depreciation commences when the asset is ready for its intended use. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets.

Asset Class	^ |Useful life
Freehold land	Non depreciable
Buildings (including temporary structures)	1 year - 60 years
Plant & Equipment	1 year - 20 years
Furniture & Fixture	1 year - 10 years
Vehicle	1 year - 8 years
Office Equipment	1 Year- 5 years

The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives and residual values of the fixed assets.

The residual values, useful life and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

2.8 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalised development costs, are not capitalised and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of intangible assets at 1 April 2015, the Company''s date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognized as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Intangible assets are amortised on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method based on useful life estimated by the management as under:

Asset Class	^ |Useful life
Software	1 Year - 6 years
Brand (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Technical know-how (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Product development (refer 2.8.2)	6 - 20 years
Design and Patent	4 - 25 years

2.8.1 Technical know-how and Brand

Technical know-how: The Company has originally generated technical know-how and assistance from International Tire Engineering Resources LLC, for setting up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant / facility, this technical know-how, is amortised on a straight-line basis over a period of twenty years.

Brand:The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT" brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realisation. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

2.8.2 Research and development costs (Product development)

Research costs are charged to P&L as and when they are incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

^ The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale.

^ Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset.

^ How the asset will generate future economic benefits. ^ The availability of resources to complete the asset.

^ The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.

The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

2.9 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale (''qualifying asset'') are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation by applying a capitalisation rate

to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

2.10 Leases

The Company has entered into various arrangements like lease of premises and outsourcing arrangements which has been disclosed accordingly under Ind AS 116. At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The assessment of whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset depends on whether the Company obtains substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset and whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

2.10.1 Right-of-use assets

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the underlying asset as follows:

Asset Class	^ |Useful life
Building	1 - 11 years
Land	95 Years
Others (includes buildings &	2 - 10 years
Plant & machinery)

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The Company presents right-of-use assets separately in the Balance Sheet.

In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding

adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

2.10.2 Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of future lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless the cost is included in the carrying value of inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

The Company''s lease liabilities are included in current and non-current financial liabilities. Lease liability has been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

2.10.3 Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to the contracts which have a lease term of 12 months or less from the date of commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to the lease contracts that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2.11 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable

value on item by item basis.

The cost of inventories includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis:

^ Cost of raw materials includes the transfer of gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges, recognised in OCI, in respect of the purchases of raw materials. Raw materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost.

^ Work-in-progress and finished goods includes direct materials, labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing cost.

^ Traded goods and stores & spares include cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

2.12 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of Profit and Loss net of any reimbursement. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as a finance cost.

2.12.1 Sales related obligations

The estimated liability for sales related obligations is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically up to three years. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of sales related obligations (related costs) is revised annually.

2.12.2 Decommissioning liability

The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of land taken on lease at one of the manufacturing

facility for the production of tyres. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognised as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.

2.12.3 Litigations

The Company is party to various lawsuits that are at administrative or judicial level or in their initial stages, involving tax and civil matters. The Company contests all claims in the court / tribunals / appellate authority levels and based on their assessment and that of their legal counsel, records a provision when the risk or loss is considered probable. The outflow is expected on cessations of the respective events.

2.13 Employee benefits

2.13.1 Defined contribution plan

Retirement benefit in the form of Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare fund are defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the above mentioned funds. The Company recognises contribution payable to these funds / schemes as an expense when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable is recognised as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

2.13.1.1 Defined benefit plan

For defined benefit plans, the amount recognised as ''Employee benefit expenses'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss is the cost of accruing employee benefits promised to employees over the year and the costs of individual events such as past / future service benefit changes and settlements (such events are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss). The amount of net interest expense calculated by applying the liability discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset is charged or credited to ''Finance costs'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Any differences between the expected interest income on plan assets and the return achieved, and any changes in the liabilities over the year due to changes in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments within the plans, are recognised immediately in OCI and subsequently not reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The defined benefit plan surplus or deficit on the Balance Sheet date comprises fair value of plan assets less the present value of the defined benefit liabilities using a discount rate by reference to market yields on Government bonds at the end of the reporting period.

All defined benefit plans obligations are determined based on valuations, as at the Balance Sheet date, made by independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. The classification of the Company''s net obligation into current and noncurrent is as per the actuarial valuation report.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (''past service cost'' or ''past service gain'') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

2.13.2 Termination benefits

Termination benefits, in the nature of voluntary retirement benefits or termination benefits arising from restructuring are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company recognises termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates:

^ When the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; or

^ When the Company recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and involves the payment of termination benefits.

Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to their present value.

2.14 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

2.14.1 Financial assets

Financial assets are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

2.14.1.1 Initial recognition and measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is recognised at fair value. In case of financial assets which are recognised at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL) except for trade receivables without financing

component which are measured at transaction price, its transaction cost is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. In other cases, the transaction cost is attributed to the acquisition value of the financial asset.

2.14.1.2 Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in two categories:

2.14.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

2.14.1.2.2 Equity instruments measured at FVTOCI

2.14.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

A debt instrument is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

^ The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows; and

^ Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (''SPPI'') on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This category generally applies to other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

2.14.1.2.2 Equity instruments

All investments in equity instruments within the scope of Ind AS 109 are initially measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in the OCI subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

In case of equity instrument classified as FVTOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognised in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of Profit and Loss, even on derecognition of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.14.1.3 Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised when:

^ The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or

^ The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ''pass-through'' arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass- through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company''s continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

2.14.1.4 Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (''ECL'') model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

(i) Trade receivables

(ii) Financial assets measured at amortised cost (other than trade receivables)

(iii) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).

The Company follows ''simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach

does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets [i.e. (ii) and (iii) above] and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12 month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12 month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12 month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

^ All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.

^ Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates and changes in the forward-looking estimates are updated. For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognised during the period is recognised as income/expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This amount is reflected under the head ''other expenses'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The Balance Sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

^ Financial assets measured at amortised cost and contractual revenue receivables: ECL is

presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the Balance Sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase / origination.

2.14.2 Financial liabilities

2.14.2.1 Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and in the case of borrowings net of directly attributable transaction costs.

2.14.2.2 Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

2.14.2.2.1 Financial liabilities at amortised cost

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.14.2.3 Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the

recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.14.3 Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to manage its foreign currency risks. These derivative instruments are designated as cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges and are entered into for period consistent with currency. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.14.3.1 Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit or Loss.

The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Amounts recognised as OCI are transferred to the Statement of Profit and Loss when the hedged transaction affects profit and loss, i.e. when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognised or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognised as OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.

2.14.4 Fair value measurement

The Company measures derivatives instruments like forward contracts at fair value at each Balance Sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

^ In the principal market for the asset or liability; or

^ In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

^ Level 1 : Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

^ Level 2 : Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

^ Level 3 : Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

2.14.5 Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities can be offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance Sheet if there is

a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

2.15 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent in the Balance Sheet comprises cash at banks and on hand. For the purpose of cash flow statement, Cash & Cash equivalent consists of cash & short term deposits as defined above. The Cash flow statement is prepared using indirect method.

2.16 Dividend distribution to equity shareholders

The Company recognises a liability to pay dividend to equity shareholders of the Company when the distribution is authorised and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorised when it is approved by the shareholders.

2.17 Foreign currencies

The Company''s financial statements are presented in H, which is also the Company''s functional currency.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Company at H spot rate at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of nonmonetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in OCI or profit and loss are also recognised in OCI or the Statement of Profit and Loss, respectively).

2.18 Earnings Per Share (''EPS'')

Basic EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company after adjusting impact of dilution shares by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of equity shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential equity shares into equity shares.

2.19 Segment Reporting

The Executive Management Committee evaluates the Company''s performance and allocates the resources based on an analysis of various performance indicators by business segments.

The Company prepares its segment information in conformity with the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the financial statements of the Company as a whole.

2.20 Contingent liabilities and assets

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognised because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognised because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognise a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

2.21 Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the accompanying disclosures, an

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Mar 31, 2023

Note 1: Corporate Information

CEAT Limited (the ''Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. The Company''s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and flaps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets. The Company is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The registered office of the Company is located at RPG House, 463, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400030. The financial statements were approved for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 4^th, 2023.

Note 2: Basis of preparation, measurement and significant accounting policies.

2.1 Basis of preparation and measurement

2.1.1 Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the ''Ind AS'') as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended from time to time and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III of the Companies Act 2013 (Ind AS compliant Schedule III).

The financial statements have been prepared on accrual and going concern basis. The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the periods presented in the financial statements.

The financial statements are presented in "H", the functional currency of the Company. Items included in the financial statements of the Company are recorded using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (the ''functional currency'').

All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lacs as per the requirements of Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013, unless otherwise stated. Wherever the amount represented ''0'' (zero) construes value less than Rupees fifty thousand.

2.1.2 Basis of Measurement

These financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

• Derivative financial instruments and

• Investment in others (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

In addition, the carrying values of recognised assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortised cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships.

2.2 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the Balance Sheet based on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle.

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading.

• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle.

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading.

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

2.3 Revenue from operation & other income

2.3.1 Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenues from contracts with customers are recognised when the performance obligations towards customer have been met. Performance obligations are deemed to have been met when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company acts as the principle in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

An entity collects Goods and Services Tax (''GST'') on behalf of the government and not on its own account. Hence it is excluded from revenue, i.e. revenue is net of GST.

2.3.2 Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods (Tyres, tubes and flaps) is recognised at the point of time when control of the goods is transferred to customer depending on terms of sales.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g.Sales related obligations). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, if any.

2.3.2.1 Variable consideration

Variable consideration includes various forms of discounts like volume discounts, price concessions, incentives, etc. on the goods sold to its dealers and distributors. In all such cases, accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the variability in revenue, using the expected value method and the revenue is recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur in future on account of refund or discounts.

2.3.2.2 Significant financing component

Generally, the Company receives short-term advances from its customers. Using the practical expedient in Ind AS 115, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

2.3.3 Contract balances

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company''s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to note 2.15 -Financial Instruments in accounting policies.

2.3.4 Royalty income

The Company also earns sales based royalty income which is recognised as revenue over the period of time. This is because in such arrangements, the customer gets a right to access the Company''s intellectual

property throughout the license period. The revenue to be recognised is determined based on a specified percentage of the sales made by the customer.

2.3.5 Interest income

For all debt instruments measured either at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, interest income is recorded using the Effective Interest Rate (''EIR'') method. EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortised cost of a financial liability. When calculating the EIR, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.3.6 Dividends

Dividend income is recognised when the Company''s right to receive dividend is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.

2.4 Investments in subsidiaries and associates

Investments in subsidiaries and associates are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Where an indication of impairment exists, the carrying amount of the investment is assessed and written down immediately to its recoverable amount. On disposal of investments in subsidiaries and associates, the difference between net disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.5 Government grants, subsidies and export incentives

Government grants / subsidies are recognised in statement of profit and loss as per income approach when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with all the conditions attached to them and that the grant / subsidy will be received.

The Company has determined that reasonable assurance is established upon receipt of sanction letter approving the incentive amount in accordance with the respective State Industrial Promotion Subsidy.

The Company has chosen to adjust grant under the Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') scheme from the carrying value of non-monetary asset pursuant to amendment in Ind AS 20.

Export Incentive under Merchandise Export from India Scheme (''MEIS'') is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues on accrual basis.

2.6 Taxes

2.6.1 Current tax

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is either in Other Comprehensive Income (''OCI'') or in equity. Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in the Statement of Profit and Loss or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Interest expenses and penalties, if any, related to income tax are included in finance cost and other expenses respectively. Interest Income, if any, related to income tax is included in Other Income.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the wide range of business relationships and the long-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions, based on reasonable estimates, for possible consequences of audits by the tax authorities of the respective countries in which it operates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such as experience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity and the responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issues depending on the conditions prevailing in the Company''s domicile.

2.6.2 Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is recognised either in OCI or in equity. Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

2.6.3 GST paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of GST paid, except:

• When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable.

• When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included.

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the Balance Sheet.

2.7 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for longterm construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of property, plant and equipment at 1 April 2015, the company''s date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognised as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Property, plant and equipment which are not ready for intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress".

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under "Other non-current assets".

Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method based on useful life estimated by the management and supported by independent assessment by professionals which may not be necessarily in the alignment with the useful lives prescribed by schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Depreciation commences when the asset is ready for it''s intended use. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets.

Asset Class	Useful life |
Freehold land	Non depreciable
Leasehold land	Lease term - 95 years
Buildings (including temporary structures)	1 year - 60 years
Plant & Equipment	1 year - 20 years
Furniture & Fixture	1 Year - 10 years
Vehicle	8 years
Office Equipment	1 Year- 5 years

The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives and residual values of the fixed assets.

The residual values, useful life and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

2.8 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalised development costs, are not capitalised and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of intangible assets at 1 April 2015, the Company''s date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognized as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either infinite or finite. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

the Company obtains substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset and whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

2.10.1 Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the underlying asset as follows:

Asset Class	Useful life
Building	1 - 11 years
Land	95 Years
Others (includes buildings & Plant &	2 - 10 years
machinery)

Intangible assets with infinite useful lives are not amortised, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level (the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets is considered as a cash generating unit). The assessment of infinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the infinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Intangible assets are amortised on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method based on useful life estimated by the management as under:

Asset Class	Useful life
Software	1 Year - 6 years
Brand (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Technical know-how (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Product development (refer 2.8.2)	6 - 20 years

2.8.1 Technical know-how and Brand

Technical know-how: The Company has originally generated technical know-how and assistance from International Tire Engineering Resources LLC, for setting up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant / facility, this technical know-how, is amortised on a straight-line basis over a period of twenty years.

Brand: The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT" brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realisation. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

2.8.2 Research and development costs (Product development)

Research costs are charged to P&L as and when they are incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale.

• Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset.

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits.

• The availability of resources to complete the asset.

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.

The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

2.9 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale (''qualifying asset'') are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

2.10 Leases

The Company has entered into various arrangements like lease of premises and outsourcing arrangements which has been disclosed accordingly under Ind AS 116. At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The assessment of whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset depends on whether

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The Company presents right-of-use assets separately in the Balance Sheet.

In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

2.10.2 Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of future lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase

option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless the cost is included in the carrying value of inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

The Company''s lease liabilities are included in current and non-current financial liabilities. Lease liability have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

2.10.3 Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to the contracts which have a lease term of 12 months or less from the date of commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to the lease contracts that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2.11 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value on item by item basis.

The cost of inventories includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis:

• Cost of raw materials includes the transfer of gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges, recognised in OCI, in respect of the purchases of raw materials. Raw materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost.

The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.

2.13.3 Litigations

The Company is party to various lawsuits that are at administrative or judicial level or in their initial stages, involving tax and civil matters. The Company contests all claims in the court / tribunals / appellate authority levels and based on their assessment and that of their legal counsel, records a provision when the risk or loss is considered probable. The outflow is expected on cessations of the respective events.

2.14 Employee benefits

2.14.1 Defined contribution plan

Retirement benefit in the form of Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare fund are defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the above mentioned funds. The Company recognises contribution payable to these funds / schemes as an expense when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable is recognised as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the prepayment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

2.14.1.1 Defined benefit plan

For defined benefit plans, the amount recognised as ''Employee benefit expenses'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss is the cost of accruing employee benefits promised to employees over the year and the costs of individual events such as past / future service benefit changes and settlements (such events are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss). The amount of net interest expense calculated by applying the liability discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset is charged or credited to ''Finance costs'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Any differences between the expected interest income on plan assets and the return achieved, and any changes in the liabilities over the year due to changes in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments within the plans, are recognised immediately in OCI and subsequently not reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

• Work-in-progress and finished goods includes direct materials, labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing cost.

• Traded goods and stores & spares include cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

2.12 Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset''s recoverable amount. An asset''s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s or Cash-Generating Unit''s (''CGU'') fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets / forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.

Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill (if any) allocated to the CGU and then to the other assets of the unit, pro-rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit.

An assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset''s or CGU''s recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.13 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of Profit and Loss net of any reimbursement. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as a finance cost.

2.13.1 Sales related obligations

The estimated liability for sales related obligations is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically up to three years. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of sales related obligations (related costs) is revised annually.

2.13.2 Decommissioning liability

The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of land taken on lease at one of the manufacturing facility for the production of tyres. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognised as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a finance cost.

The defined benefit plan surplus or deficit on the Balance Sheet date comprises fair value of plan assets less the present value of the defined benefit liabilities using a discount rate by reference to market yields on Government bonds at the end of the reporting period.

All defined benefit plans obligations are determined based on valuations, as at the Balance Sheet date, made by independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. The classification of the Company''s net obligation into current and noncurrent is as per the actuarial valuation report.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (''past service cost'' or ''past service gain'') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

2.14.2 Termination benefits

Termination benefits, in the nature of voluntary retirement benefits or termination benefits arising from restructuring, are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company recognises termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates:

• When the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; or

• When the Company recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and involves the payment of termination benefits.

Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to their present value.

2.15 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

2.15.1 Financial assets

Financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

2.15.1.1 Initial recognition and measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is recognised at fair value. In case of financial assets which are recognised at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL) except for trade receivables

without financing component which are measured at transaction price, its transaction cost is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. In other cases, the transaction cost is attributed to the acquisition value of the financial asset.

2.15.1.2 Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

2.15.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

2.15.1.2.2 Debt instruments at Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive Income (''FVTOCI'')

2.15.1.2.3 Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at Fair Value Through Profit and Loss (''FVTPL'')

2.15.1.2.4 Equity instruments measured at FVTOCI

2.15.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

A debt instrument is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows; and

• Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (''SPPI'') on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This category generally applies to other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

2.15.1.2.2 Debt instrument at FVTOCI

A debt instrument is classified as at FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:

• The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets; and

• The asset''s contractual cash flows represent SPPI.

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognised in the OCI. However, the Company recognises interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to the Statement of Profit and Loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.

2.15.1.2.3 Debt instrument at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorisation as amortised cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as FVTPL.

In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortised cost or FVTOCI criteria, as FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ''accounting mismatch''). The Company has not designated any debt instrument as FVTPL.

Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.15.1.2.4 Equity instruments

All investments in equity instruments within the scope of Ind AS 109 are initially measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in the OCI subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

In case of equity instrument classified as FVTOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognised in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of Profit and Loss, even on derecognition of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all

changes recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.15.1.3 Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or

• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ''pass-through'' arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company''s continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

2.15.1.4 Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (''ECL'') model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

(i) Trade receivables

(ii) Financial assets measured at amortised cost (other than trade receivables)

(iii) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).

The Company follows ''simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets [i.e. (ii) and (iii) above] and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12 month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12 month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12 month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

• All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.

• Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for forwardlooking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates and changes in the forward-looking estimates are updated. For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment

The following table shows various reclassifications and how they are accounted for:
Original classification		Revised classification		Accounting treatment
Amortised cost		FVTPL		Fair value is measured at reclassification date. Difference between previous amortised cost and fair value is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Amortised cost		FVTOCI		Fair value is measured at reclassification date. Difference between previous amortised cost and fair value is recognised in OCI. No change in EIR due to reclassification.
FVTPL		Amortised Cost		Fair value at reclassification date becomes its new gross carrying amount. EIR is calculated based on the new gross carrying amount.
FVTPL		FVTOCI		Fair value at reclassification date becomes its new carrying amount. No other adjustment is required.
FVTOCI		Amortised cost		Fair value at reclassification date becomes its new amortised cost carrying amount. However, cumulative gain or loss in OCI is adjusted against fair value. Consequently, the asset is measured as if it had always been measured at amortised cost.
FVTOCI		FVTPL		Assets continue to be measured at fair value. Cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss at the reclassification date.

loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognised during the period is recognised as income / expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This amount is reflected under the head ''other expenses'' in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The Balance Sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

• Financial assets measured at amortised cost and contractual revenue receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the Balance Sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase / origination.

2.15.2 Financial liabilities

2.15.2.1 Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and in the case of borrowings net of directly attributable transaction costs.

2.15.2.2 Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

2.15.2.2.1 Financial liabilities at FVTPL

Financial liabilities at FVTPL include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at FVTPL. Financial liabilities

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Mar 31, 2022

Note 1: Corporate information

CEAT Limited (the ‘Company’) is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. The Company’s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and flaps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets. The Company is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The registered office of the Company is located at RPG House, 463, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400030. The financial statements were authorised for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 05, 2022.

Note 2: Basis of preparation, measurement and significant accounting policiesa.

2.1 Basis of preparation and measurement

2.1.1 Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Ind AS’) as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended from time to time and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III of the Companies Act 2013 (Ind AS compliant Schedule III).

The financial statements have been prepared on accrual and going concern basis. The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the periods presented in the financial statements.

The financial statements are presented in "H”, the functional currency of the Company. Items included in the financial statements of the Company are recorded using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (the ‘functional currency’).

All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest Lacs as per the requirements of Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013, unless otherwise stated. Wherever the amount represented ‘0’ (zero) construes value less than Rupees fifty thousand.

2.1.2 Measurement

These financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

• Derivative financial instruments and

• Certain financial assets measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

In addition, the carrying values of recognised assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortised cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships.

2.2 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the Balance Sheet based on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading

• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as noncurrent.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

2.3 Revenue recognition

2.3.1 Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenues from contracts with customers are recognised when the performance obligations towards customer have been met. Performance obligations are deemed to have been met when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company acts as the principle in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

2.3.5 Interest income

For all debt instruments measured either at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, interest income is recorded using the Effective Interest Rate (‘EIR’) method. EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortised cost of a financial liability. When calculating the EIR, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.3.6 Dividends

Dividend income is recognised when the Company’s right to receive dividend is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.

2.4 Investments in subsidiaries and associates

Investments in subsidiaries and associates are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Where an indication of impairment exists, the carrying amount of the investment is assessed and written down immediately to its recoverable amount. On disposal of investments in subsidiaries and associates, the difference between net disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.5 Government grants, subsidies and export incentives

Government grants / subsidies are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with all the conditions attached to them and that the grant / subsidy will be received. The Company has determined that reasonable assurance is established upon receipt of sanction letter approving the incentive amount in accordance with the respective State Industrial Promotion Subsidy.

The Company has chosen to adjust grant under the Export Promotion Capital Goods (‘EPCG’) scheme from the carrying value of non-monetary asset pursuant to amendment in Ind AS 20.

Export Incentive under Merchandise Export from India Scheme (‘MEIS’) is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

2.6 Taxes

2.6.1 Current tax

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used

An entity collects Goods and Services Tax (‘GST’) on behalf of the government and not on its own account. Hence it is excluded from revenue, i.e. revenue is net of GST.

2.3.2 Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods (Tyres, tubes and flaps) is recognised at the point of time when control of the goods is transferred to customer depending on terms of sales.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g. warranties). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, if any.

2.3.2.1 Variable consideration

Variable consideration includes various forms of discounts like volume discounts, price concessions, incentives, etc. on the goods sold to its dealers and distributors. In all such cases, accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the variability in revenue, using the expected value method and the revenue is recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur in future on account of refund or discounts.

2.3.2.2 Significant financing component

Generally, the Company receives short-term advances from its customers. Using the practical expedient in Ind AS 115, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

2.3.3 Contract balances Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to note 2.15 - Financial Instruments in accounting policies.

2.3.4 Royalty income

The Company also earns sales based royalty income which is recognised as revenue over the period of time. This is because in such arrangements, the customer gets a right to access the Company’s intellectual property throughout the license period. The revenue to be recognised is determined based on a specified percentage of the sales made by the customer.

to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is either in Other Comprehensive Income (‘OCI’) or in equity. Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in the Statement of Profit and Loss or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Interest expenses and penalties, if any, related to income tax are included in finance cost and other expenses respectively. Interest Income, if any, related to income tax is included in Other Income.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the wide range of business relationships and the long-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions, based on reasonable estimates, for possible consequences of audits by the tax authorities of the respective countries in which it operates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such as experience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity and the responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issues depending on the conditions prevailing in the Company’s domicile.

2.6.2 Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss.

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside the Statement of Profit and Loss is recognised either in OCI or in equity. Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

2.6.3 GST paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of GST paid, except:

• When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognised

as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable.

• When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included.

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the Balance Sheet.

2.7 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised. Property, plant and equipment which are not ready for intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress”.

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under "Other non current assets”.

Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis on the straight line method based on useful life estimated by the management and supported by independent assessment by professionals. Depreciation commences when the asset is ready for it’s intended use. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets.

Asset Class	Useful life
Freehold land	Non depreciable
Leasehold land	Lease term - 95 years
Buildings (including temporary structures)	1 year - 60 years

Asset Class	Useful life
Plant & Equipment	1 year - 20 years
Furniture & Fixture	10 years
Vehicle	8 years
Office Equipment	5 years

The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives and residual values of the fixed assets.

The residual values, useful life and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

2.8 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalised development costs, are not capitalised and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either infinite or finite. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

Intangible assets with infinite useful lives are not amortised, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level (the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets is considered as a cash generating unit). The assessment of infinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the infinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

Intangible assets are amortised on a pro-rata basis on the straight line method based on useful life estimated by the management as under:

Asset Class	Useful life
Software	3 - 6 years
Brand (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Technical know-how (refer 2.8.1)	20 years
Product development (refer 2.8.2)	20 years

2.8.1 Technical know-how and Brand

Technical know-how : The Company has originally generated technical know-how and assistance from International Tire Engineering Resources LLC, for setting up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant / facility, this technical know-how, is amortised on a straight line basis over a period of twenty years.

Brand : The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT” brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realisation. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

2.8.2 Research and development costs (Product development)

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale.

• Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset.

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits.

• The availability of resources to complete the asset.

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.

During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.

The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are

reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

2.9 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale (‘qualifying asset’) are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of

borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of

borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

2.10 Leases

The Company has entered into various arrangements like lease of vehicles, premises and outsourcing arrangements which has been disclosed accordingly under Ind AS 116. At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The assessment of whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset depends on whether the Company obtains substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset and whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease

payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

2.10.1 Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the underlying asset as follows:

Asset Class	Useful life
Building	1 - 11 years
Others	2 - 10 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The Company presents right-of-use assets separately in the Balance Sheet.

2.10.2 Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless the cost is included in the carrying value of inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index

or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

The Company’s lease liabilities are included in current and non-current financial liabilities. Lease liability have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

2.10.3 Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to the contracts which have a lease term of 12 months or less from the date of commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to the lease contracts that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2.11 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

Cost is determined on a weighted average basis:

• Cost of raw materials includes the transfer of gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges, recognised in OCI, in respect of the purchases of raw materials. Raw materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost.

• Work-in-progress and finished goods includes direct materials, labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing cost.

• Traded goods include cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

2.12 Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or Cash-Generating Unit’s (‘CGU’) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate

cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company’s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets / forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.

Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill (if any) allocated to the CGU and then to the other assets of the unit, pro-rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit.

An assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.13 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of Profit and Loss net of any reimbursement. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as a finance cost.

2.13.1 Sales related obligations

The estimated liability for sales related obligations is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically up to three years. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of sales related obligations (related costs) is revised annually.

2.13.2 Decommissioning liability

The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of land taken on lease at one of the manufacturing facility for the production of tyres. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognised as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.

2.13.3 Litigations

The Company is party to various lawsuits that are at administrative or judicial level or in their initial stages, involving tax and civil matters. The Company contests all claims in the court / tribunals / appellate authority levels and based on their assessment and that of their legal counsel, records a provision when the risk or loss is considered probable. The outflow is expected on cessations of the respective events.

2.14 Employee benefits

2.14.1 Defined contribution plan

Retirement benefit in the form of Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare fund are defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the above mentioned funds. The Company recognises contribution payable to these funds / schemes as an expense when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable is recognised as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the prepayment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

2.14.2 Defined benefit plan

For defined benefit plans, the amount recognised as ‘Employee benefit expenses’ in the Statement of Profit and Loss is the cost of accruing employee benefits promised to employees over the year and the costs of individual events such as past / future service benefit changes and settlements (such events are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss). The amount of net interest expense calculated by applying the liability discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset is charged or credited to ‘Finance costs’ in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Any differences between the expected interest income on plan assets and the return achieved and any changes in the liabilities over the year due to changes in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments within the plans, are recognised immediately in OCI and subsequently not reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The defined benefit plan surplus or deficit on the Balance Sheet date comprises fair value of plan assets less the present value of the defined benefit liabilities using a discount rate by reference to market yields on Government bonds at the end of the reporting period.

All defined benefit plans obligations are determined based on valuations, as at the Balance Sheet date, made by independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. The classification of the Company’s net obligation into current and non-current is as per the actuarial valuation report.

2.14.3 Termination benefits

Termination benefits, in the nature of voluntary retirement benefits or termination benefits arising from restructuring, are recognised in the Statement of

Profit and Loss. The Company recognises termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates:

• When the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; or

• When the Company recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and involves the payment of termination benefits.

Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to their present value.

2.15 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

2.15.1 Financial assets

Financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

2.15.1.1 Initial recognition and measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is recognised at fair value. In case of financial assets which are recognised at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL), its transaction cost is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. In other cases, the transaction cost is attributed to the acquisition value of the financial asset.

2.15.1.2 Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

2.15.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

2.15.1.2.2 Debt instruments at Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive Income (‘FVTOCI’)

2.15.1.2.3 Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at Fair Value Through Profit and Loss (‘FVTPL’)

2.15.1.2.4 Equity instruments measured at FVTOCI

2.15.1.2.1 Debt instruments at amortised cost

A debt instrument is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows; and

• Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (‘SPPI’) on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

2.15.1.2.2 Debt instrument at FVTOCI

A debt instrument is classified as at FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:

• The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets; and

• The asset’s contractual cash flows represent SPPI.

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognised in the OCI. However, the Company recognises interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to the Statement of Profit and Loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.

2.15.1.2.3 Debt instrument at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorisation as amortised cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as FVTPL.

In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortised cost or FVTOCI criteria, as FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ‘accounting mismatch’). The Company has not designated any debt instrument as FVTPL.

Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.15.1.2.4 Equity instruments

All investments in equity instruments within the scope of Ind AS 109 are initially measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in the OCI subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company

makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

In case of equity instrument classified as FVTOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognised in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of Profit and Loss, even on derecognition of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.15.1.3 Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or

• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company’s continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

2.15.1.4 Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (‘ECL’) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

(i) Trade receivables

(ii) Financial assets measured at amortised cost (other than trade receivables)

(iii) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).

The Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets [i.e. (ii) and (iii) above] and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12 month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12 month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12 month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

• All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.

• Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted

for forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates and changes in the forward-looking estimates are updated. For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognised during the period is recognised as income / expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This amount is reflected under the head ‘other expenses’ in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The Balance Sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

• Financial assets measured at amortised cost and contractual revenue receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the Balance Sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

• Debt instruments measured at FVTOCI: Since financial assets are already reflected at fair value, impairment allowance is not further reduced from its value.

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase / origination.

2.15.2 Financial liabilities

2.15.2.1 Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and in the case of borrowings net of directly attributable transaction costs.

2.15.2.2 Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

2.15.2.2.1 Financial liabilities at FVTPL

Financial liabilities at FVTPL include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at FVTPL. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at FVTPL are designated as such at the initial date of recognition and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains / losses attributable to changes in own credit risks are recognised in OCI. These gains / loss are not subsequently transferred to the Statement of Profit and Loss. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company has not designated any financial liability as at FVTPL.

2.15.2.2.2 Financial liabilities at amortised cost

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.15.2.2.3 Financial guarantee contracts

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognised initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at

the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognised less cumulative amortisation.

2.15.2.3 Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.15.3 Reclassification of financial assets

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company’s senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company’s operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begi

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Mar 31, 2018

Note 1: Corporate information

CEAT Limited is a public company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. The Company''s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and flaps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets. The company''s stock are listed on two recognized stock exchanges in India. The registered office of the company is located at RPG House, 463, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400030. The financial statements were authorised for issue in accordance with a resolution of the directors on April 30, 2018.

Note 2: Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies

1. Basis of accounting and preparation of financial statements

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015.

These financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis and under historical cost basis, except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

- Derivative financial instruments and

- Certain financial assets measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

In addition, the carrying values of recognized assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortized cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships. The Standalone financial statements are presented in '' except when otherwise indicated.

All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lacs as per the requirements of Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013, unless otherwise stated. Wherever the amount represented ‘0'' (zero) construes value less than Rupees fifty thousand.

2. Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

- Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

- Held primarily for the purpose of trading

- Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

3. Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government. The Company has concluded that it is the principal in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements and it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

Based on the educational material on Ind AS 18 issued by the ICAI, the Company has assumed that recovery of excise duty flows to the Company on its own account. This is for the reason that it is a liability of the manufacturer which forms part of the cost of production, irrespective of whether the goods are sold or not. Since the recovery of excise duty flows to the company on its own account, revenue includes excise duty.

However, Sales Tax/Value Added Tax (VAT) is not received by the Company on its own account. Rather, it is tax collected on value added to the commodity by the seller on behalf of the government. Accordingly, it is excluded from revenue.

With effect from July 1, 2017, Goods and Service Tax (GST) has been implemented which has replaced several indirect taxes, including excise duty. Paragraph 8 of Ind AS 18 Revenue states as below:

“Revenue includes only the gross inflows of economic benefits received and receivable by the entity on its own account. Amounts collected on behalf of third parties such as sales taxes, goods and services taxes and value added taxes are not economic benefits which flow to the entity and do not result in increases in equity.”

An entity collects GST on behalf of the government and not on its own account. Hence, it should be excluded from revenue, i.e., revenue should be net of GST.

Accordingly, effective July 1, 2017, sales are recorded net of GST, whereas earlier period sales were recorded gross of excise duty which formed part of expenses. Hence, revenue from operations for year ended March 31, 2018 is not comparable with previous year''s corresponding figures.

The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognized.

Sale of goods

Revenue from the sale of goods (i.e. tyres, tubes and flaps) is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer. Revenue from the sale of tyres, tubes and flaps is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts, volume rebates, cash discounts, sales taxes and Value Added Taxes/GST. The Company provides normal warranty provisions for a period of three years on all its products sold, in line with the industry practice. A liability is recognized at the time the product is sold - see Note 22 for more information. The Company does not provide any extended warranties to its customers.

Interest income

For all debt instruments measured either at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.

Dividends

Revenue is recognized when the Company''s right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.

Royalty and technology development fees

Royalty and technology development fees income are accounted for as per the terms of contract.

4. Government grants and Export incentives

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

When the Company receives grants of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at carrying amounts and released to profit and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset i.e. by equal annual installments. When loans or similar assistance are provided by governments or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect of this favorable interest is regarded as a government grant. The loan or assistance is initially recognized and measured at fair value and the government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. The loan is subsequently measured as per the accounting policy applicable to financial liabilities.

Export Incentive under Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS) is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

5. Taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit and loss is recognized outside profit and loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in Statement of profit and loss or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the

tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss

- I n respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit and loss

- I n respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit and loss is recognized outside profit and loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Sales tax/ value added taxes/GST paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of sales tax/ value added taxes/GST paid, except:

- When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

- When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the balance sheet.

6. Non-current assets held for sale

The Company classifies non-current assets and disposal groups as held for sale/ distribution to owners if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale/ distribution rather than through continuing use. Actions required for completing the sale/ distribution should indicate that it is unlikely that significant change to the sale/ distribution will be made or that the decision to sell/ distribute will be withdrawn. Management must be committed to the sale/ distribution expected within one year from the date of classification.

Non-current assets held for sale/for distribution to owners and disposal groups are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and the fair value less costs to sell/ distribute. Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale/ distribution are presented separately in the balance sheet.

Property, plant and equipment once classified as held for sale/ distribution to owners are not depreciated or amortized.

7. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Capital work in progress is stated at cost. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit and loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met. Refer to note 40 regarding significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions for further information about the recorded decommissioning provision.

Leasehold land - amortized on a straight line basis over the period of the lease ranging from 95 years - 99 years.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets. The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professional, the useful lives of the following class of assets.

- Factory buildings - 50 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Office buildings- 60 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Plant & Machinery - 20 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Moulds - 6 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act,2013)

- Electrical Installations - 20 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act,2013)

- Air conditioner having capacity of > 2 tons - 15 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act,2013)

- Serviceable materials like trollies, iron storage tacks skids -15 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act,2013)

- Batteries used in forklifts trucks - 5 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act,2013)

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives and residual values of the fixed assets.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the income statement when the asset is derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

8. Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either infinite or finite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets

with finite lives is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

Intangible assets with infinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of infinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the infinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.

Intangible assets are amortized on straight line method as under:

- Software expenditure have been amortized over a period of three years.

- Technical Know-how and Brands are amortized over a period of twenty years.

Technical know-how and Brand

The Company has originally generated technical know-how and assistance for setting up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant/facility, this technical knowhow, is amortized on a straight line basis over a period of twenty years

The Company has acquired global rights of “CEAT” brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realization. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

Research and development costs (Product development)

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

- The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale

- Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset

- How the asset will generate future economic benefits

- The availability of resources to complete the asset

- The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development

Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected future benefit. Amortization expense is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.

9. Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization by applying a capitalization rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalization rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

10. Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

For arrangements entered into prior to April 1, 2015, the Company has determined whether the arrangement contain lease on the basis of facts and circumstances existing on the date of transition.

Company as a lessee

Finance lease

A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Company is classified as a finance lease.

Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the statement of profit and loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Company''s general policy on the borrowing costs. Contingent rentals are recognized as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

Operating lease

Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight line basis unless payments to the lessor are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor''s expected inflationary cost increase.

11. Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and conditions are accounted for as follows:

- Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of raw material is net of duty benefits under Duty Entitlement Exemption Certificate (DEEC) scheme.

- Work-in-progress and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing cost. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

- Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

Initial cost of inventories includes the transfer of gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges, recognized in OCI, in respect of the purchases of raw materials.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

12. Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset''s recoverable amount. An asset''s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s or cash-generating unit''s (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

I n assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.

Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

An assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset''s or CGU''s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

13. Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Warranty provisions

The estimated liability for warranty is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically up to three years. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty-related costs is revised annually.

Decommissioning liability

The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of land taken on lease at one of the manufacturing facility for the production of tyres. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognized as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognized in the statement of profit and loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.

14. Retirement and other employee benefits Defined contribution plan

Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare fund are defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the above mentioned funds. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

Defined benefit plan

The Company has a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contribution to be made to a separately administered fund. The Company''s liability towards this benefit is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation using Projected Unit Credit Method at the date of balance sheet.

Remeasurement, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurement is not reclassified to profit and loss in subsequent periods.

Past service costs are recognized in profit and loss on the earlier of:

- The date of the plan amendment or curtailment and

- The date that the Company recognizes related restructuring costs

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recognizes the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in statement of profit and loss:

- Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and

- Net interest expense or income Compensated absences

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit and this is shown under short term provision in the Balance Sheet. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.

The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes and this is shown under long term provisions in the Balance Sheet. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to the Statement of Other Comprehensive Income and are not deferred. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet, to the extent it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date. Where the Company has the unconditional legal and contractual right to defer the settlement for a period beyond 12 months, the same is presented as non-current liability.

Termination benefits

The Company recognizes termination benefit as a liability and an expense when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the termination benefit falls due for more than 12 months after the balance sheet date, they are measured at present value of the future cash flows using the discount rate determined by reference to market yields at the balance sheet date on the government bonds.

15. Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit and loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchase or sale of financial asset that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognized on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

- Debt instruments at amortized cost

- Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

- Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)

- Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

Debt instruments at amortized cost

A ‘debt instrument'' ‘other financial assets as well'' is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:

a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and

b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income in the profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the profit and loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

Debt instrument at FVTOCI

A ‘debt instrument'' is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:

a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and

b) The asset''s contractual cash flows represent SPPI.

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the group recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.

Debt instrument at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.

In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ‘accounting mismatch''). The Company has not designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.

Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Equity investments

All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

I n case of equity instrument classified as FVTOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to statement of profit and loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when:

- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired or

- The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through'' arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company''s continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortized cost e.g., loans, debt securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balance

b) Financial assets that are debt instruments and are measured as at FVTOCI

c) Lease receivables under Ind AS 17

d) Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 18

e) Loan commitments which are not measured as at FVTPL

f) Financial guarantee contracts which are not measured as at FVTPL

The Company follows ‘simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on:

- Trade receivables

- All lease receivables resulting from transactions within the scope of Ind AS 17

The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

- All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument

- Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms

As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analyzed.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/ expense in the statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head ‘other expenses'' in the Statement of profit and loss. The balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

- Financial assets measured as at amortized cost, contractual revenue receivables and lease receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e., as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

- Debt instruments measured at FVTOCI: Since financial assets are already reflected at fair value, impairment allowance is not further reduced from its value.

For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase/ origination.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Company''s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit and loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in the profit and loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit and loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risks are recognized in OCI. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to statement of profit and loss. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognized in the statement of profit and loss. The Company has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through profit and loss.

Loans and borrowings

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process.

Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.

Financial guarantee contracts

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognized initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognized less cumulative amortization.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Reclassification of financial assets

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company''s senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company''s operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognized gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

16. Derivative financial instruments

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to manage its foreign currency risks. These derivative instruments are designated as cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges and are entered into for period consistent with currency. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit and loss.

Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging instrument is recognized in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs.

For fair value hedges relating to items carried at amortized cost, any adjustment to carrying value is amortized through profit and loss over the remaining term of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortization may begin as soon as an adjustment exists and no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.

If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in profit and loss. When an unrecognized firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognized as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognized in profit and loss.

Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in Other Comprehensive Income(OCI) in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Amounts recognized as OCI are transferred to statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit and loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognized as OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.

17. Fair value measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives, foreign denominated borrowings and assets, forward contracts at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

- In the principal market for the asset or liability or

- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

- Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

- Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

- Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

18. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company''s cash management.

19. Dividend distribution to equity holders

The Company recognizes a liability to make cash to equity holders of the Company when the distribution is authorized and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorized when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognized directly in equity.

20. Foreign currencies

The Company''s financial statements are presented in '', which is also the Company''s functional currency.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Company at '' spot rate at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in profit and loss.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or profit and loss are also recognized in OCI or profit and loss, respectively).

21. Earnings Per Share

Basic Earnings Per Share (EPS) amounts are calculated by dividing the profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the company after adjusting impact of dilution shares by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of equity share

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Mar 31, 2017

Note 1: Corporate information

CEAT Limited is a public company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. The Company''s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and flaps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets. The company''s stock are listed on two recognized stock exchanges in India. The registered office of the company is located at RPG House, 463, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400030. The financial statements were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the directors on April 28, 2017.

Note 2: Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies

1. Basis of accounting and preparation of financial statements

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015.

For all periods up to and including the year ended March 31, 2016, the Company prepared its financial statements in accordance with the accounting standards notified under the section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013, read together with paragraph 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014 (Indian GAAP). These financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2017 are the first financial statements which the Company has prepared in accordance with Ind AS. Refer to note 51 for information on how the Company adopted Ind AS.

These financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis and under historical cost basis, except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

- Derivative financial instruments and

- Certain financial assets measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

In addition, the carrying values of recognized assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortized cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships. The Standalone financial statements are presented in Rs, except when otherwise indicated.

2. Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

- Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

- Held primarily for the purpose of trading

- Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

3. Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government. The Company has concluded that it is the principal in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

Based on the educational material on Ind AS 18 issued by the ICAI, the Group has assumed that recovery of excise duty flows to the company on its own account. This is for the reason that it is a liability of the manufacturer which forms part of the cost of production, irrespective of whether the goods are sold or not. Since the recovery of excise duty flows to the company on its own account, revenue includes excise duty.

However, Sales Tax/ Value Added Tax (VAT) is not received by the Company on its own account. Rather, it is tax collected on value added to the commodity by the seller on behalf of the government. Accordingly, it is excluded from revenue.

The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognized.

Sale of goods

Revenue from the sale of goods (i.e. tyres, tubes and flaps) is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer. Revenue from the sale of tyres, tubes and flaps is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts, volume rebates, cash discounts, sales taxes and Value Added Taxes. The Company provides normal warranty provisions for a period of three years on all its products sold, in line with the industry practice. A liability is recognized at the time the product is sold - see Note 22 for more information. The Company does not provide any extended warranties to its customers.

Interest income

For all debt instruments measured either at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.

Dividends

Revenue is recognized when the Company''s right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.

Royalty and technology development fees

Royalty and technology development fees income are accounted for as per the terms of contract.

4. Government grants and Export incentives

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

When the Company receives grants of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at carrying amounts and released to profit or loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset i.e. by equal annual installments. When loans or similar assistance are provided by governments or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect of this favorable interest is regarded as a government grant. The loan or assistance is initially recognized and measured at fair value and the government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. The loan is subsequently measured as per the accounting policy applicable to financial liabilities.

Export Incentives such as Focus Market Scheme, Focus Products Scheme and Special Focus Market Scheme are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

5. Taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in statement of profit and loss or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

- In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

- In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Sales/ value added taxes paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of sales/ value added taxes paid, except:

- When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

- When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the balance sheet.

6. Non-current assets held for sale

The Company classifies non-current assets and disposal groups as held for sale/ distribution to owners if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale/ distribution rather than through continuing use. Actions required for completing the sale/ distribution should indicate that it is unlikely that significant change to the sale/ distribution will be made or that the decision to sell/ distribute will be withdrawn. Management must be committed to the sale/ distribution expected within one year from the date of classification.

Non-current assets held for sale/for distribution to owners and disposal groups are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and the fair value less costs to sell/ distribute. Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale/ distribution are presented separately in the balance sheet.

Property, plant and equipment once classified as held for sale/ distribution to owners are not depreciated or amortized.

7. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Capital work in progress is stated at cost. Cost comprises the purchase price and any attributable cost of bringing asset to its working condition for its intended use only. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. Subsequent expenditure related to an item of fixed asset is added to its book value only if it increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met. Refer to note 40 regarding significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions for further information about the recorded decommissioning provision.

Leasehold land - amortized on a straight line basis over the period of the lease ranging from 95 years - 99 years.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets. The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professional, the useful lives of the following class of assets.

- Factory buildings - 50 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Plant & Machinery - 20 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 )

- Moulds - 6 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Electrical Installations - 20 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Air conditioner having capacity of > 2 tons - 15 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Serviceable materials like trollies, iron storage tacks skids - 15 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Batteries used in forklifts trucks - 5 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013)

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives and residual values of the fixed assets.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the income statement when the asset is derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

8. Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in statement of profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either infinite or finite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

Intangible assets with infinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of infinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the infinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.

Intangible assets are amortized on straight line method as under:

- Software expenditure is amortized over a period of three years.

- Technical Know-how and Brands are amortized over a period of twenty years.

Technical know-how and Brand

The Company has originally generated technical knowhow and assistance for setting up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant/facility, this technical know-how, is amortized on a straight line basis over a period of twenty years

The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT" brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realization. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

Research and development costs (Product development)

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditure on an individual project is recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

- The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale

- Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset

- How the asset will generate future economic benefits

- The availability of resources to complete the asset

- The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development

Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected future benefit. Amortization expense is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.

9. Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.

To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization by applying a capitalization rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalization rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

10. Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

For arrangements entered into prior to April 1, 2015, the Company has determined whether the arrangement contain lease on the basis of facts and circumstances existing on the date of transition.

Company as a lessee Finance lease

A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Company is classified as a finance lease.

Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the statement of profit and loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Company''s general policy on the borrowing costs. Contingent rentals are recognized as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

Operating lease

Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight line basis unless payments to the less or are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the less or’s expected inflationary cost increase.

11. Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and conditions are accounted for as follows:

- Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of raw material is net of duty benefits under Duty Entitlement Exemption Certificate (DEEC) scheme.

- Work-in-progress and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing cost. Cost of finished goods includes excise duty. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

- Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

Initial cost of inventories includes the transfer of gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges, recognized in OCI, in respect of the purchases of raw materials.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

12. Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset''s recoverable amount. An asset''s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s or cash-generating unit''s (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.

Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

An assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset''s or CGU''s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

13. Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Warranty provisions

The estimated liability for warranty is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise being typically up to three years. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty-related costs is revised annually.

Decommissioning liability

The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of land taken on lease at Nashik manufacturing facility for the production of tyres. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognized as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognized in the statement of profit and loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.

14. Retirement and other employee benefits

Defined Contribution plan

Retirement benefit in the form of Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the above mentioned funds. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

Defined benefit plan

The Company has a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contribution to be made to a separately administered fund. The Company''s liability towards this benefit is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation using Projected Unit Credit Method at the date of balance sheet.

Remeasurement, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurement is not reclassified to statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.

Past service costs are recognized in statement of profit and loss on the earlier of:

- The date of the plan amendment or curtailment and

- The date that the Company recognizes related restructuring costs

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recognizes the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in statement of profit and loss:

- Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and

- Net interest expense or income Compensated absences

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit and this is shown under short term provision in the Balance Sheet. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.

The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes and this is shown under long term provisions in the Balance Sheet. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to the Statement of Other Comprehensive Income and are not deferred. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet, to the extent it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date. Where the Company has the unconditional legal and contractual right to defer the settlement for a period beyond 12 months, the same is presented as non-current liability.

Termination benefits

The Company recognizes termination benefit as a liability and an expense when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the termination benefit falls due for more than 12 months after the balance sheet date, they are measured at present value of the future cash flows using the discount rate determined by reference to market yields at the balance sheet date on the government bonds.

15. Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit and loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchase or sale of financial asset that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognized on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

- Debt instruments at amortized cost

- Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

- Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)

- Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

Debt instruments at amortized cost

A ''debt instrument'' is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:

a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and

b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the statement of profit and

loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

Debt instrument at FVTOCI

A ''debt instrument'' is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:

a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and

b) The asset''s contractual cash flows represent SPPI.

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the group recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.

Debt instrument at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.

In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ''accounting mismatch''). The Company has not designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.

Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Equity investments

All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

In case of equity instrument classified as FVTOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to statement of profit and loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when:

- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired or

- The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ''pass-through'' arrangement, and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognize the transferred asset to the extent of the Company''s continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortized cost e.g., loans, debt securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balance

b) Financial assets that are debt instruments and are measured as at FVTOCI

c) Lease receivables under Ind AS 17

d) Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 18

e) Loan commitments which are not measured as at FVTPL

f) Financial guarantee contracts which are not measured as at FVTPL

The Company follows ''simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on:

- Trade receivables

- All lease receivables resulting from transactions within the scope of Ind AS 17

The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

- All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument

- Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms

As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analyzed.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/ expense in the statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head ''other expenses'' in the statement of profit and loss. The balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

- Financial assets measured as at amortized cost, contractual revenue receivables and lease receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e., as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

- Debt instruments measured at FVTOCI: Since financial assets are already reflected at fair value, impairment allowance is not further reduced from its value.

For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase/ origination.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through statement of profit and loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans, borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Company''s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through statement of profit and loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through statement of profit and loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through statement of profit and loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risks are recognized in OCI. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to statement of profit and loss. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognized in the statement of profit or loss. The Company has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through profit and loss.

Loans and borrowings

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in statement of profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process.

Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.

Financial guarantee contracts

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognized initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognized less cumulative amortization.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of statement of profit and loss.

Reclassification of financial assets

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company''s senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company''s operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognized gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

The following table shows various reclassifications and how they are accounted for:

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

16. Derivative financial instruments

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to manage its foreign currency risks. These derivative instruments are designated as cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges and are entered into for period consistent with currency. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to statement of profit and loss.

Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging instrument is recognized in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs.

For fair value hedges relating to items carried at amortized cost, any adjustment to carrying value is amortized through statement of profit and loss over the remaining term of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortization may begin as soon as an adjustment exists and no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.

If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in statement of profit and loss. When an unrecognized firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognized as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognized in statement of profit and loss.

Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized in statement of profit and loss.

Amounts recognized as OCI are transferred to statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognized as OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.

17. Fair value measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives, foreign denominated borrowings and assets, forward contracts at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

- In the principal market for the asset or liability or

- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

- Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

- Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

- Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

18. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company''s cash management.

19. Dividend distribution to equity holders

The Company recognizes a liability to make cash to equity holders of the Company when the distribution is authorized and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorized when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognized directly in equity.

20. Foreign currencies

The Company''s financial statements are presented in '', which is also the Company''s functional currency.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Company at ,spot rate at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in statement of profit and loss.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or statement of profit and loss are also recognized in OCI or statement of profit and loss, respectively).

21. Earnings Per Share

Basic Earnings per share (EPS) amounts are calculated by dividing the profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the company after adjusting impact of dilution shares by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of equity shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential equity shares into equity shares.

22. Segment Reporting

Based on "Management Approach" as defined in Ind AS 108 -Operating Segments, the Executive Management Committee evaluates the Company''s pe

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Mar 31, 2016

1. Corporate Information

CEAT Limited is a public company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. The Company''s principal business is manufacturing of automotive tyres, tubes and faps. The Company started operations in 1958 as CEAT Tyres of India Limited and was renamed as CEAT Limited in 1990. The Company caters to both domestic and international markets.

2. Basis of Preparation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A) Basis of accounting and preparation of financial statements

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India ("Indian GAAP"). The Company has prepared these financial statements to comply in all material respects with the accounting standards notiifed under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013, read together with paragraph 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014. The financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis and under the historical cost convention except for land, building and plant and equipments acquired before 2007 which are carried at revalued amounts and derivative financial instruments which have been measured at fair value.

The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of financial statements are consistent with those of the previous year, except for the change in accounting policy explained below.

Component Accounting

The Company has adopted component accounting as required under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 from April 1, 2015. The Company was previously not identifying components of fixed asset separately for depreciation purposes; rather, a single useful life / depreciation rate was used to depreciate each item of fixed asset.

Due to application of Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013, the Company has changed the manner of depreciation for its fixed asset. Now, the Company identifies and determines cost of each components / part of the asset separately, if the components / part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and having useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset. These components are depreciated over their useful lives; the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset. The Company has used transitional provisions of Schedule II to adjust the impact of component accounting arising on its first application. If a component has zero remaining useful life on the date of component accounting becoming effective, i.e., April 1, 2015, its carrying amount, after retaining any residual value, is charged to the Statement of profit and Loss. The carrying amount of other components, i.e., components whose remaining useful life is not nil on April 1, 2015, is depreciated over their remaining useful lives.

Had the Company continued to use the earlier policy of depreciating fixed assets, its financial statements for the period would have been impacted as below:

- Depreciation for the current period would have been lower by Rs. 443.17 Lacs. profit for the current period would have been higher by Rs. 315.28 Lacs (net of tax impact of Rs. 127.90 Lacs). Fixed assets would correspondingly have been higher by Rs. 443.17 Lacs.

- On the date of component accounting becoming applicable, i.e. April 1, 2015, the amount of Rs. 560.04 Lacs (net of deferred tax Rs. 274.36 Lacs) has been directly adjusted against retained earnings on account of depreciable value as on April 1, 2015 for the components having zero remaining useful life.

B) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent liabilities, at the end of the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on the management''s best knowledge of current events and actions, uncertainty about these assumption and estimates could result in the outcomes requiring a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities in future periods.

C) Tangible Fixed Assets and Intangible assets

i) Tangible Assets

a) Fixed assets are stated at cost of acquisition or construction or revalued amount whichever is applicable, net of accumulated depreciation / amortization and impairment losses, if any.

b) The cost comprises cost of acquisition, borrowing cost and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to the condition for its intended use. Cost also includes direct expenses incurred up to the date of capitalisation / commissioning. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price.

c) Machinery spares procured along with the plant and machinery or subsequently and whose use is expected to be irregular are capitalised separately, if cost of such spares is known and depreciated fully over the residual useful life of the related plant and machinery. If the cost of such spares is not known particularly when procured along with the mother plant, these are capitalised and depreciated along with the mother plant. The written down value (WDV) of the spares is charged as revenue expenditure in the year in which such spares are consumed. Similarly, the value of such spares, procured and consumed in a particular year is charged as revenue expenditure in that year itself.

d) Subsequent expenditure related to an item of fixed asset is added to its book value only if it increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standards of performance.

e) All other expenses on existing fixed assets, including day-to-day repair and maintenance expenditure, are charged to the Statement of profit and Loss for the period during which such expenses are incurred.

f) Replacement of any part of plant and machinery, which are of capital nature, are capitalised along with the main plant and machinery and cost of the replaced part is written off. In case the cost of replaced part is not identifable, the equal value of replacement is deducted from the existing gross block of that asset.

g) Gains and losses arising from disposal/ derecognition of fixed assets which are carried at cost are recognised in the Statement of profit and Loss.

h) Tangible assets not ready for the intended use on the date of balance sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress".

i) In case of revaluation of fxed assets, any revaluation surplus is credited to the revaluation reserve, except to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss, in which case the increase is recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss. A revaluation deficit is recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss, except to the extent that it offsets an existing surplus on the same asset recognized in the asset revaluation reserve.

j) The Company identifies and determines cost of asset significant to the total cost of the asset having useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining life.

ii) Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets are stated at cost of acquisition or construction, less accumulated amortization and impairment, if any.

Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumalated impairment losses, if any.

D) Borrowing Cost

Borrowing cost includes interest, fees and amortization of other ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings. Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of or construction of qualifying assets are capitalized as part of the cost of such assets. A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for intended use. All other borrowing costs are recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss.

E) Depreciation

i) Tangible Assets

Leasehold land – amortized on a straight line basis over the period of the lease ranging from 95 years – 99 years.

Depreciation on fixed assets is calculated on a straight line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management.

The Company has used the following rates to provide depreciation on its fixed assets. The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.

The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professional, the useful lives of the following class of assets.

- Factory buildings - 50 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Office buildings- 60 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Plant & Machinery – 20 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Moulds – 6 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Electrical Installations – 20 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Air conditioner having capacity of > 2 tons – 15 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Serviceable materials like trolleys, iron storage racks skids – 15 years (Higher than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

- Batteries used in fork lifts trucks - 5 years (Lower than those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013)

The management believes that the depreciation rates fairly reflect its estimation of the useful lives. The management also estimates the residual values of the fixed assets.

Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in-progress until construction and installation are complete.

ii) Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight- line basis over the estimated useful economic life.

- Software expenditure is amortized over a period of three years.

- Technical know-how and brands are amortized over a period of twenty years.

The Company has acquired technical know-how and assistance for setting- up of Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant / facility, this technical know-how, is amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of twenty years.

The Company acquired global rights of "CEAT" brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets are accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realization. Therefore, the management believes that the brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years.

The amortization period and the amortization method are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. If the expected useful life of the asset is significantly different from previous estimates, the amortization period is changed accordingly. If there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of economic benefits from the asset, the amortization method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such changes are accounted for in accordance with AS-5 "Net profit or Loss for the Period", Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies.

F) Impairment of tangible and intangible assets:

The Company assesses at each Balance Sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. An asset''s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s or cash-generating unit''s (CGU) net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. If such recoverable amount of the asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognised in the Statement of profit and Loss. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.

The Company bases its impairment calculations of detailed budgets and forecast calculations which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s cash-generating units to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations are generally covering a period of 5 years. For longer period, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the 5th year.

Impairment losses for continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised on the Statement of profit and Loss, except for the previously revalued tangible fixed asset, where the revaluation was taken to revaluation reserve. In this case, the impairment is recognised in revaluation reserve up to the amount of any previous revaluation.

An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset''s or cash- generating unit''s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

G) Investments

Investments, which are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than one year from the date on which such investments are made, are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments.

On initial recognition, all investments are measured at cost. The cost comprises purchase price and directly attributable acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees and duties. If an investment is acquired, or partly acquired, by the issue of shares or other securities, the acquisition cost is the fair value of the securities issued. If an investment is acquired in exchange for another asset, the acquisition is determined by reference to the fair value of the asset given up or by reference to the fair value of the investment acquired, whichever is more clearly evident.

Current investments are carried in the financial statements at lower of cost and fair value determined on an individual investment basis. Long-term investments are carried at cost. However, provision for diminution in value is made to recognize a decline other than temporary in the value of the investments.

On disposal of an investment, the difference between its carrying amount and net disposal proceeds is charged or credited to the Statement of profit and Loss.

H) Inventories

i) Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of raw material is net of duty benefits under Duty Entitlement Exemption Certificate (DEEC) scheme.

ii) Work-in-progress and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost of finished goods includes excise duty. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

iii) Stock-in-trade are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

iv) Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

I) Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognized.

i) Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are passed on to the customer. Sales taxes and Value Added Taxes (VAT) are excluded from revenue. Excise duty deducted from revenue (gross) is the amount that is included in the revenue (gross) and not the entire amount of liability arising during the year.

ii) Interest

Interest income is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate. Interest income is included under the head "other income" in the Statement of profit and Loss.

iii) Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the Company''s right to receive dividend is established by the reporting date.

iv) Royalty and technology development fees

Royalty and technology development fees income are accounted for as per the terms of contract.

J) Government grants and export incentives

Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and the grants will be received. Government grants related to revenue are recognized on a systematic basis in the Statement of profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

Export incentives such as focus market scheme, focus products scheme and special focus market scheme, etc., are recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

K) Foreign currency translation

Foreign currency transactions and balances

i) Initial recognition

Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

ii) Conversion

Foreign currency monetary items are retranslated using the exchange rate prevailing on the reporting date. Non-monetary items, which are measured in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency, are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items, which are measured at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency, are translated using the exchange rate at the date when such value was determined.

iii) Exchange differences

All exchange gains and losses arising out of translation/restatement, are accounted for in the Statement of profit and Loss.

iv) Forward exchange contracts entered into, to hedge foreign currency exposure as at Balance Sheet date

The premium or discount arising at the inception of forward exchange contracts is amortized and recognised as income or expense over the life of the contract. Exchange differences in such contract are recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss in the period in which the exchange rates change. Any profit or loss arising on cancellation or renewal of such forward exchange contract is also recognized as income or as expense for the period.

L) Leases

Where the Company is lessee:

Finance leases, which effectively transfer to the Company substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased item, are capitalized at the inception of the lease term at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and present value of minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between the finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized as finance costs in the Statement of profit and Loss. Lease management fees, legal charges and other initial direct costs of lease are capitalized.

A leased asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain the ownership by the end of the lease term, the capitalized asset is depreciated on a straight- line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset or lease term, whichever is earlier.

Leases, where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased item, are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the Statement of profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

M) Research and Development

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditure incurred on individual project is recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate all the following:-

- The technical feasibility of completing the intangible assets so that it will be available for use or sale.

- Its intention to complete the asset.

- Its ability to use or sell the asset.

- How the asset will generate the future economic benefits.

- The availability of adequate resources to complete the development and to use or sell the asset.

- The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during development.

N) Employee benefits

i) Defined contribution plan

Retirement benefits in the form of provident fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are defined contribution schemes. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to these funds / schemes. The Company recognizes contribution payable to these funds / schemes as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to these funds / schemes for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the funds / schemes are recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

ii) Defined Benefit plan

The Company provides for retirement benefits in the form of gratuity. The Company''s liability towards these benefits is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation using Projected Unit Credit Method at the date of balance sheet. Actuarial gains / losses are recognised in the Statement of profit and Loss in the period in which they occur.

iii) Compensated absences

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit and this is shown under short-term provision in the Balance Sheet. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.

The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes and this is shown under long-term provisions in the Balance Sheet. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the Projected Unit Credit Method at the year-end. Actuarial gains /losses are immediately taken to the Statement of profit and Loss and are not deferred. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet, to the extent it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date. Where the Company has the unconditional legal and contractual right to defer the settlement for a period beyond 12 months, the same is presented as non-current liability.

iv) Termination benefits

The Company recognizes termination benefit as a liability and an expense when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the termination benefit falls due for more than 12 months after the balance sheet date, they are measured at present value of the future cash flows using the discount rate determined by reference to market yields at the Balance Sheet date on Government bonds.

O) Taxes on income

i) Current tax: Current Tax is determined as the amount of tax payable on taxable income for the year as per the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961.

Minimum alternate tax (MAT) paid in a year is charged to the Statement of profit and Loss as current tax. The Company recognizes MAT credit available as an asset only to the extent that there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period, i.e., the period for which MAT credit is allowed to be carried forward. In the year in which the Company recognizes MAT credit as an asset in accordance with the Guidance Note on Accounting for Credit Available in respect of Minimum Alternative Tax under the Income-tax Act, 1961, the said asset is created by way of credit to the Statement of profit and Loss and shown as "MAT Credit Entitlement." The Company reviews the "MAT Credit Entitlement" asset at each reporting date and writes down the asset to the extent the Company does not have convincing evidence that it will pay normal tax during the specified period.

ii) Deferred tax: Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences between the accounting income and the taxable income for the year, and quantified using the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted on the reporting date.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date. The Company writes-down the carrying amount of deferred tax asset to the extent that it is no longer reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case may be, that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which deferred tax asset can be realized. Any such write-down is reversed to the extent that it becomes reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case may be, that sufficient future taxable income will be available.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set-off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

P) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders, by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue, bonus element in a rights issue, share split, and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

Q) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

R) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposit with banks. Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of cash flow statement comprise cash at bank and cash in hand and short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

S) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency forward contracts to hedge foreign currency risk arising from future transactions in respect of which firm commitments are made or which are highly probable forecast transactions. It also uses cross currency interest rate swaps (CCIRS) to hedge interest rate risk arising from variable rate loans and cross currency interest rate swaps to hedge both foreign currency loan and interest risk arising from foreign exchange fluctuations and variable rate loans. The Company designates these forward contracts and interest rate swaps in a hedging relationship by applying the hedge accounting principles of AS-30 "Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement".

For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:

1. Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment.

2. Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the Company will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument''s fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item''s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.

Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for as described below:

Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging derivative is recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss.

When an unrecognized firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognized as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognized in the Statement of profit and Loss.

Cash fow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized directly under shareholders fund in the hedging reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the Statement of profit and Loss.

The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecasted transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized immediately in the Statement of profit and Loss.

Amounts recognized in the hedging reserve are transferred to the Statement of profit and Loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged income or expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs.

If the forecast transaction or firm commitment is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the hedging reserve is transferred to the Statement of profit and Loss. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover, or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the hedging reserve remains in the hedging reserve until the forecast transaction or firm commitment affects profit or loss.

Other derivatives

Derivative financial instruments which are not designated as cash fow hedge have been measured at fair value as per AS-30 and the loss / (gain) on the same is charged to the Statement of profit and Loss.

T) Provision for warranty

The estimated liability for warranty is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise, being typically upto three years.

U) Segment reporting

The Company''s operations comprise of only one business segment "Automotive Tyres, Tubes & Flaps" as its primary segment. The analysis of geographical segments is based on the areas in which the Company operates. The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in conformity with the accounting policies of the Company.

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Mar 31, 2014

A) Basis of Accounting and preparation of Financial Statements

The financial statements have been prepared and presented under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis of accounting, unless stated otherwise and comply with the mandatory Accounting Standards (AS) prescribed under the Companies Act, 1956 read with the General Circular 08/2014 dated 04 April, 2014 issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and other accounting principles generally accepted in India. The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of financial statements are consistent with those of the previous year.

B) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from the estimates. Management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised.

C) Tangible fixed assets and Intangible assets

Tangible Assets

a) Fixed assets are stated at cost of acquisition or construction or revalued amount whichever is applicable, net of accumulated depreciation / amortization and impairment losses, if any.

b) The cost comprises, cost of acquisition, borrowing cost and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to the condition for its intended use. Cost also includes direct expenses incurred up to the date of capitalisation / commissioning.

c) Machinery spares procured along with the plant and machinery or subsequently and whose use is expected to be irregular are capitalised separately, if cost of such spares is known and depreciated fully over the residual useful life of the related plant and machinery. If the cost of such spares is not known particularly when procured along with the mother plant, these are capitalised and depreciated along with the mother plant. The written down value (WDV) of the spares is charged as revenue expenditure in the year in which such spares are consumed. Similarly, the value of such spares, procured and consumed in a particular year is charged as revenue expenditure in that year itself.

d) Subsequent expenditure related to an item of fixed asset is added to its book value only if it increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standards of performance.

e) All other expenses on existing fixed assets, including day-to-day repair and maintenance expenditure and cost of replacing parts, are charged to the statement of profit and loss for the period during which such expenses are incurred.

f) Gains and losses arising from disposal of fixed assets which are carried at cost are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

g) Tangible assets not ready for the intended use on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress".

h) In case of revaluation of fixed assets, any revaluation surplus is credited to the revaluation reserve, except to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognized in the statement of profit and loss, in which case the increase is recognized in the statement of profit and loss. A revaluation deficit is recognized inthestatement of profitand loss, except to the extent that it offsets an existing surplus on the same asset recognized in the asset revaluation reserve.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated amortization and impairment, if any.

D) Borrowing Cost

Borrowing cost includes interest, fees and other ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings. Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of or construction of qualifying assets are capitalized as part of the cost of such assets. A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for intended use. All other borrowing costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

E) Depreciation

i) Tangible Assets

Depreciation on fixed asset is calculated on Straight Line Method (SLM) using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management, or those prescribed under Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, whichever is higher. The rates of depreciation considered for the major assets are as under

Asset Class Rates(SLM)

Buildings_1.63% - 3.34%

Plant & Equipments 4.75% -10.34%

Moulds16.21%

Computers Hardware 16.21%

Fu rnitu re & Fixtu res 6.33%

Office Equipments 4.75%

Motor Vehicles7.07%-11.31%

Leasehold land - amortised over the period of the lease rangingfrom 95 years - 99 years.

Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in-progress until construction and installation are complete. Assets acquired/ purchased costing less than Rupees five thousand have been depreciated at the rate of 100%. Depreciation on revalued amount of a particular asset is calculated on straight line method over the remaining estimated useful life of the asset from the date of revaluation.

ii) Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight Ii ne basis over the esti mated usef u I economic life.

- Software expenditure have been amortised over a period of three years.

- Technical Know-how and Brands are amortised over a period of twenty years.

The company has acquired technical know- how and assistance for setting up for Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant/facility, this technical know-how, is amortised on a straight line basis over a period of twenty years

The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT" brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realization. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years

F) Impairment of tangible and intangible assets:

The Company assesses at each Balance Sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. If such recoverable amount of the asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.

An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the company estimates the asset''s or cash-generating unit''s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

G) Investments

Investments, which are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than one year from the date on which such investments are made, are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments.

Current Investments are carried in the financial statement at lower of cost or fair value determined on an individual investment basis. Long-term investments are carried at cost. However, provision for diminution in value is made to recognize a decline other than temporary in the value of the investments.

H) Inventories

i) Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of raw material is net of duty benefits under Duty Entitlement Exemption Certificate (DEEC) scheme.

ii) Work-in-progress and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost of finished goods includes excise duty. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

iii) Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costsof completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

I) Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and revenue can be reliably measured.

i) Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are passed on to the customer. Sales taxes and value added taxes (VAT) are excluded from revenue. Excise duty deducted from revenue (gross) is the amount that is included in the revenue (gross) and not the entire amount of liability arising during the year.

ii) Interest

Interest income is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate. Interest income is included under the head "other income" in the statement of profit and loss.

iii) Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the company''s right to receive dividend is established by the reporting date.

iv) Royalty and Technology Development fees

Royalty and technology development fees income are accounted for as per the terms of contract.

J) Government Grants and Export Incentives

Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and the grants will be received. Government grants related to revenue are recognized on a systematic basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

Export Incentives such as focus market scheme, Focus products scheme and special focus market scheme are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a part of other operating revenues.

K) Foreign Currency Transactions

i) Initial recognition

Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

ii) Conversion

Foreign currency monetary items are translated usingtheexchange rate prevailing at the reporting date. Non-monetary items, which are measured in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency, are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items, which are measured at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency, are translated using the exchange rate at the date when such value was determined.

iii) Exchange differences

All exchange gains and losses arising out of translation/restatement, are accounted for in the statement of profit and loss.

iv) Forward exchange contracts entered into to hedge foreign currency risk.

Forward premium in respect of forward exchange contracts is amortised and recognised over the life of the contract. Exchange differences in such contract are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the exchange rates change.

L) Leases

Finance leases, which effectively transfer to the company substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased item, are capitalized at the inception of the lease term at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and present value of minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between the finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss. Lease management fees, legal charges and other initial direct costs of lease are capitalized.

A leased asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset or the useful life envisaged in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, whichever is lower. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the company will obtain the ownership by the end of the lease term, the capitalized asset is depreciated on a straight- line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset, the lease term or the useful life envisaged in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956.

Leases, where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased item, are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

M) Research and Development

Research and development expenditure is charged to revenue under the natural heads of accounts in the year in which it is incurred. Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the policies stated for tangible assets and Intangible assets.

N) Employee Benefits

i) Defined Contribution plan

Retirement benefits in the form of provident fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are defined contribution schemes. The company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to these funds/schemes. The company recognizes contribution payable to these funds/schemes as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to these funds/schemes for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the funds/schemes are recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

ii) Defined Benefit plan

The Company also provides for retirement benefits in the form of gratuity. The company''s liability towards these benefits is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation using Project Unit Credit Method at the date of balance sheet. Actuarial gains/losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur.

iii) Compensated absences

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.

The company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to the Statement of Profit and Loss and are not defer red.

iv) Termination benefits

The company recognizes termination benefit as a liability and an expense when the company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

O) Taxes on Income

i) Current Tax: Current Tax is determined as the amount of tax payable on taxable income for the year as per the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961.

Minimum alternate tax (MAT) paid in a year is charged to the statement of profit and loss as current tax. The company recognizes MAT

credit available as an asset only to the extent that there is convincing evidence that the company will pay normal income tax during the specified period, i.e., the period for which MAT credit is allowed to be carried forward. In the year in which the company recognizes MAT credit as an asset in accordance with the Guidance Note on Accounting for Credit Available in respect of Minimum Alternative Tax under the Income-tax Act, 1961, the said asset is created by way of credit to the statement of profit and loss and shown as "MAT Credit Entitlement." The company reviews the "MAT credit entitlement" asset at each reporting date and writes down the asset to the extent the company does not have convincing evidence that it will pay normal tax during the specified period.

ii) Deferred Tax: Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences between the accounting income and the taxable income for the year, and quantified using the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted on the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax assets are recognised and carried forward to the extent that there is a reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised. In situations where the company has unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward tax losses, all deferred tax assets are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that they can be realized againstfuture taxable profits.

P) Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue, bonus element in a rights issue, share split, and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

Q) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognized when the company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

R) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposit with banks. Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of cash flow statement comprise cash at bank and in hand and short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

S) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The company uses derivative financial instruments, such as, foreign currency forward contracts to hedge foreign currency risk arising from future transactions in respect of which firm commitments are made or which are highly probable forecast transactions. It also uses interest rate swaps to hedge interest rate risk arising from variable rate loans. The company designates these forward contracts and interest rate swaps in a hedging relationship by applying the hedge accounting principles of AS 30 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as, Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and howthe company will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument''s fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item''s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.

Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for as described below:

Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized directly under shareholders fund in the hedging reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

The company uses foreign currency forward contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecasted transactions and firm

commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Amounts recognized in the hedging reserve are transferred to the statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged income or expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs.

If the forecast transaction or firm commitment is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the hedging reserve is transferred to the statement of profit and loss. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover, or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the hedging reserve remains in the hedging reserve until the forecast transaction or firm commitment affects profit or loss.

T) Provision for Warranty

The estimated liability for warranty is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically upto three years

U) Segment reporting

The Company''s operations comprise of only one business segment "Automotive Tyres, Tubes & Flaps" as its primary segment. The analysis of Geographical segments is based on the areas in which the Company operates. The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in conformity with the accounting policies of the Company.

ii) Terms and rights attached to Equity Shareholders:

The Company has only one class of equity shares having a face value of Rs, 10/- per share. Each holder of equity shares is entitled to one vote per equity share. The dividend is recommended by the Board of Directors and is subject to the approval of the members at the ensuing Annual General Meeting. The Board of Directors have a right to deduct from the dividend payable to any member any sum due from him to the Company.

In the event of winding-up, the holders of equity shares shall be entitled to receive remaining assets of the Company after distribution of all preferential amounts. The distribution will be in proportion to the number of equity shares held by shareholders.

The shareholders have all other rights as available to equity shareholders as per the provision of the Companies Act, 1956, read together with the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association of the Company, as applicable.

Money received against convertible warrants

On 24th July, 2013, the Company has converted 17,12,176 warrants of face value Rs, 10/- each into equity shares issued to Instant Holdings Limited, an entity belonging to the Promoter Group of Companies at a price ofRs, 85.03 per warrant which includes a premium ofRs, 75.03 per share on preferential basis in accordance with the terms of the issue.

Note on Secured Long Term Borrowings (includes non- current portion and current maturities)

1. New Term Loan from Bank of India Rs, 100,00.00 Lacs (Previous year Rs, Nil) was disbursed on 19th March, 2014. It is secured by first pari passu charge on company''s immovable assets located at Bhandup and Nasik plants. It is repayable in 20 equal quarterly installment of Rs, 5,00.00 Lacs each starting from 17th June, 2016.

2. New Term Loan from ICICI Bank Ltd. of Rs, 70,00.00 Lacs (Previous year Rs, Nil) was disbursed on 3rd February, 2014. It is secured by first pari passu charge on Company''s immovable assets situated at Bhandup & Nasik plant. It is repayable in 20 equal quarterly installments ofRs, 3,50.00 Lacs starting from 3rd May 2016.

3. Term Loan from ICICI Bank Ltd. of Rs, 47,25.00 Lacs (Previous year Rs, 117,00.00 Lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on movable (except current assets) both present and future and immovable properties both present & future located at Bhandup, Halol and Nasik plants and second pari passu charge on the current assets of the company both present and future. It is repayable in 10 equal semi-annual installment of Rs, 6,75.00 Lacs each starting from 12th January, 2013. During the year the Company has prepaid Rs, 50,00.00 Lacs and rescheduled the installment amount to Rs, 6,75.00 Lacs from Rs, 13,50.00 Lacs.

4. Term Loan from ICICI Bank Ltd. of Rs, 35,00.00 Lacs (Previous year Rs, 58,33.33 Lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on immovable properties both present & future situated at Bhandup plant. It is repayable in 12 equal quarterly installments of Rs, 5,83.33 Lacs starting from 10th November, 2012.

5. Term Loanfrom Bankof India Rs, 54,13.58 Lacs (Previous year Rs, 69,13.58 Lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on company''s movable (except current assets) both present and future and immovable properties both present & future located at Bhandup, Halol and Nasik plants and second charge over current assets both present and future. It is repayable in 20 equal quarterly installment of Rs, 5,00.00 Lacs each starting from 1st January, 2012.

6. Term Loan from IDBI Bank Ltd. of Rs, 12,56.48 Lacs (Previous year Rs, 17,59.07 Lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on movable properties (except current assets) both present and future and immovable properties of the company both present & future situated at Bhandup, Halol and Nasik plants and second pari passu charge on current assets both present and future. It is repayable in 20 equal quarterly installments ofRs, 1,25.65 Lacs starting from 1st January, 2012.

7. The FCNR-B loan from Bank of Baroda was valid for one year and was reconverted into rupee loan on 9th October, 2013. Term Loan from Bank of Baroda of Rs, 27,50.00 Lacs (Previous year Rs, 36,05.67 Lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on movable (except current assets) both present and future and immovable properties both present & future located at Bhandup, Halol and Nasik plant and second paripassucharge over current assets both present and future. It is repayable in 20 equal quarterly installment of Rs, 2,50.00 Lacs each starting from 1st January, 2012.

8. Term Loan in Indian rupee & in foreign currency from Export Import Bankof India ofRs, 57,44.38 lacs (Previous year Rs, 76,09.78 lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on movable properties (except Current Assets) both present and future and immovable properties both present & future located at Bhandup, Halol and Nasik plants and second pari passu charge over current assets both present and future.

Rupee loan is repayable in 20 equal quarterly installment of Rs, 2,44.99 Lacs starting from 1st November, 2011 and foreign currency loan is also repayable in 20 equal quarterly installment of USD 5.50 lacs equivalent to Rs, 3,29.45 lacs (restated at rate of INR/USD as on 31.03.2014) starting from 1st November, 2011.

9. Term Loan from Corporation Bank Rs, Nil Lacs (Previous year Rs, 6,24.89 Lacs) was secured by first pari passu charge on immovable property of the company both present & future situated at RPG House, Mumbai. The said loan has no longer exist, since being repaid.

10. ECB loan from ICICI Bank Ltd. of Rs, 31,19.79 lacs (Previous Rs, 39,58.28 lacs) is secured by first pari passu charge on movable properties (except current assets) both present and future and immovable properties of the Company both present & future situated at Bhandup, Halol and Nasik Plants and second charge over current assets both present and future. It is repayable in 24 equal quarterly installment of USD 5.21 lacs equivalent to Rs, 3,11.78 lacs (restated at rate of INR/USD as on 31.03.2014) starting from 23rd December, 2010.

11. Buyer''s credit is secured by way of first pari passu charge on all its current assets and by way of second pari passu charge on immovable and all movable properties (excluding current assets) of the Company situated at Bhandup , Nasik, Halol plants and RPG House, Mumbai. It is repayable within 3 years from the date of draw down.

12. Loan from Ratnakar Bank Ltd. was repaid during the year on 17th August, 2013.

13. Public Deposit is repayable after 2 or 3 years from the date of acceptance of public deposit

14. Interest free Deferred Sales Tax is repayable in ten equal annual installments commencing from 26th April, 2011 and ending on 30th April, 2025.

1. Building includesRs, 0.11 Lacs (Previous YearRs, 0.11 Lacs) being value of shares held in Co-operative Housing Societies.

2. Free Hold Land includes land acquired at Halol, Gujarat vide Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for Rs, 1.75 Lacs which is subject to registration formalities.

3. Lease Hold Land includes land acquired at Additional Ambernath Industrial Area, Ambernath, District Thane, Maharashtra from Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (Ml DC) vide sanction letter dated 30th October, 2009. The Company has taken physical possession of this land on 1st September, 2010 which is subject to registration formalities.

4. Gross book value includes Rs, 6,95.77 Lacs (Previous Year Rs, 6,97.06 Lacs) on account of revaluation of Land, Building and Plant and equipment in 2007 based on market values and as per report issued by independent valuer.

5. The pre-operative expenses (POE) apportioned over the Fixed Assets of Halol project.

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Mar 31, 2013

A) Basis of Accounting and preparation of Financial Statements

The financial statements of the company have been prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India (Indian GAAP) under the historical cost convention on accrual basis, except for certain tangible assets which are being carried at revalued amounts. These financial statements have been prepared to comply in all material respects with the Accounting Standards notified under the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, (as amended) and other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.

The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of financial statements are consistent with those used in previous year.

B) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financialstatements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from the estimates. Management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised.

C) Fixed Assets

i) Tangible Assets

Fixed Assets are stated at cost / revalued amount wherever applicable, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated

impairment losses, if any. The cost comprises cost of acquisition, borrowing cost and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to the condition for its intended use. Cost also includes direct expenses incurred upto the date of capitalisation / commissioning.

In case of revaluation of fixed assets, any revaluation surplus is credited to the revaluation reserve, except to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognized in the statement of profit and loss, in which case the increase is recognized in the statement of profit and loss. A revaluation deficit is recognized in the statement of profit and loss, except to the extent that it offsets an existing surplus on the same asset recognized in the asset revaluation reserve.

Subsequent expenditure related to an item of fixed asset is added to its book value only if it increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standards of performance. All other expenses on existing fixed assets, including day-to-day repair and maintenance expenditure and cost of replacing parts, are charged to the statement of profit and loss for the period during which such expenses are incurred.

ii) Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets are reflected at the cost of acquisition of such assets and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment, if any.

D) Borrowing Cost

Borrowing cost includes interest, fees and other ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings. Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of or construction of qualifying assets are capitalized as part of the cost of such assets. A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for intended use. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period they occur.

E) Depreciation

i) Tangible Assets

Depreciation on fixed asset is calculated on Straight Line Method (SLM) using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated

by the management, or those prescribed under Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, whichever is higher. The rates of depreciation considered for the major assets are as under

Leasehold land - amortised over the period of the lease ranging from 95 years - 99 years.

Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in- progress until construction and installation are complete. Assets acquired/purchased costing less than Rupees five thousand have been depreciated at the rate of 100%. Depreciation on revalued amount of a particular asset is calculated on straight line method over the remaining estimated useful life of the asset from the date of revaluation.

ii) Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the estimated useful economic life.

Software expenditure have been amortised over a period of three years.

Technical Know-howand Brands are amortised over a period of twenty years.

The company has acquired technical know-how and assistance for setting up for Halol radial plant. Considering the life of the underlying plant/facility, this technical know-how, is amortised on a straight line basis over a period of twenty years

The Company has acquired global rights of "CEAT" brand from the Italian tyre maker, Pirelli. Prior to the said acquisition, the Company was the owner of the brand in only a few Asian countries including India. With the acquisition of the brand which is renowned worldwide, new and hitherto unexplored markets will be accessible to the Company. The

Company will be in a position to fully exploit the export market resulting in increased volume and better price realization. Therefore, the management believes that the Brand will yield significant benefits for a period of at least twenty years

The above intangible assets with an estimated useful economic life exceeding 10 years are tested for impairment annually.

F) Impairment of tangible and intangible assets:

The Company assesses at each Balance Sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. If such recoverable amount of the asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.

An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the company estimates the asset''s or cash-generating unit''s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prioryears. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

G) Investments

Investments, which are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than one year from the date on which such investments are made, are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments.

Current Investments are carried in the financial statement at lower of cost or fair value determined on an individual investment basis. Long-term investments are carried at cost. However, provision for diminution in value is made to recognize a decline other than temporary in the value of the investments.

H) Inventories

Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Cost of raw materials, components and stores and spares is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of raw material is net of duty benefits under Duty Entitlement Exemption Certificate (DEEC) scheme.

Work-in-progress and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost of finished goods includes excise duty. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

I) Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and revenue can be reliably measured.

1. Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are passed on to the customer which generally coincides with delivery. Sales taxes and value added taxes (VAT) are excluded from revenue. Excise duty deducted from revenue (gross) is the amount that is included in the revenue

(gross) and not the entire amount of liability arising during the year.

2. Interest

Interest income is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate. Interest income is included under the head "other income" in the statement of profit and loss.

3. Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the company''s right to receive dividend is established by the reporting date.

4. Royalty

Royalty income is accounted for as per the terms of contract.

J) Government Grants and Export Incentives

Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and the grants will be received. Government grants related to revenue are recognized on a systematic basis in the statement of profit and loss as a part of other operating revenues.

Export Incentives such as focus market scheme, Focus products scheme and special focus market scheme are recognized in the statement of profit and loss as a part of other operating revenues.

K) Foreign Currency Transactions

(i) Initial recognition

Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

(ii) Conversion

Foreign currency monetary items are translated using the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date. Non-monetary items, which are measured in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency, are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items, which are measured at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date when such value was determined.

(iii) Exchange differences

All exchange gains and losses arising out of transaction/restatement, are accounted for in the statement of profit and loss.

tiv) Forward exchange contracts entered into, to hedge foreign currency risk

Forward premium in respect of forward exchange contracts is amortised and recognised over the life of the contract. Exchange differences in such contract are recognized in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which the exchange rates change.

L) Leases

Finance leases, which effectively transfer to the company substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased item, are capitalized at the inception of the lease term at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and present value of minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between the finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss. Lease management fees, legal charges and other initial direct costs of lease are capitalized.

A leased asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset or the useful life envisaged in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, whichever is lower. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the company will obtain the ownership by the end of the lease term, the capitalized asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset, the lease term or the useful life envisaged in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956.

Leases, where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased item, are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

M) Research and Development

Research and development expenditure is charged to revenue under the natural heads of accounts in the year in which it is incurred. Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the policies stated for tangible assets and Intangible assets.

N) Employee Benefits

i) Defined Contribution plan

Retirement benefits in the form of provident fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are defined contribution schemes. The company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to these funds/schemes. The company recognizes contribution payable to these funds/schemes as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to these funds/schemes for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the funds/schemes are recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

ii) Defined Benefit plan

The Company also provides for retirement benefits in the form of gratuity. The company''s liability towards these benefits is determined on the basisof actuarial valuation using Project Unit Credit Method at the date of balance sheet. Actuarial gains/losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which they occur.

iii) Compensated absences

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.

The company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to the statement of profit and loss and are not deferred.

iv) The company recognizes termination benefit as a liability and an expense when the company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

0) Taxes on Income

a) Current Tax: Current Tax is determined as the amount of tax payable on taxable income for the year as per the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961.

Minimum alternate tax (MAT) paid in a year is charged to the statement of profit and loss as current tax. The company recognizes MAT credit available as an asset only to the extent that there is convincing evidence that the company will pay normal income tax during the specified period, i.e., the period for which MAT credit is allowed to be carried forward. In the year in which the company recognizes MAT credit as an asset in accordance with the Guidance Note on Accounting for Credit Available in respect of Minimum Alternative Tax under the Income- tax Act, 1961, the said asset is created byway of credit to the statement of profit and loss and shown as "MAT Credit Entitlement." The company reviews the "MAT credit entitlement" asset at each reporting date and writes down the asset to the extent the company does not have convincing evidence that it will pay normal tax during the specified period.

b) Deferred Tax: Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences between the accounting income and the taxable income for the year, and quantified using the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted on the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax assets are recognised and carried forward to the extent that there is a reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised. In situations where the company has unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward tax losses, all deferred tax assets are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that they can be realized against future taxable profits.

P) Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue, bonus element in a rights issue, share split, and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

Q) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognized when the company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

R) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposit with banks. Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of cash flow statement comprise cash at bank and in hand and short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

S) Hedge Accounting

The Company designates some of the new forward contracts in a cash flow hedging relationship by applying the hedge accounting principles.

These forward contracts are stated at fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flow are recognized directly in Cash Flow Hedge Reserve under Reserves and Surplus, net of applicable deferred income taxes and the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Amounts accumulated in Cash Flow Hedge Reserve are reclassified to profit and loss in the same periods during which the forecasted transaction affects profit and loss.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. For forecasted transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in Hedging Reserve Account is retained there until the forecasted transaction occurs. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognized in Cash Flow Hedge Reserve is immediately transferred to the statement of profit and loss for the period

T) Provision for Warranty

The estimated liability for warranty is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of obligations and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failure. The timing of outflows will vary as and when the obligation will arise - being typically upto three years

U) Derivative Contracts

The Company enters into derivative contracts in the nature of foreign currency swaps, currency options,

forward contracts with an intention to hedge its existing assets and liabilities, firm commitments and highly probable transactions in foreign currency. Derivative contracts which are closely linked to the existing assets and liabilities are accounted as per the policy stated for foreign currency transactions and translations.

Derivative contracts designated as a hedging instrument for highly probable forecast transactions / firm commitments are accounted as per the policy stated for Hedge Accounting.

All other derivative contracts are marked-to- market and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Gains arising on the same are not recognised, until realised, on grounds of prudence.

V) Segment reporting

The Company''s operations comprise of only one business segment "Automotive Tyres, Tubes & Flaps" as its primary segment. The analysis of Geographical segments is based on the areas in which the Company operates. The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in conformity with the accounting policies of the Company.

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Mar 31, 2012

A) BASIS OF ACCOUNTING

The Financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting and in accordance with the standard on Accounting notified by the Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 and referred to in section 211 (3C) of the Companies Act, 1956.

B ) FIXED ASSETS

i) Tangible Assets

Fixed Assets are stated at cost / revalued cost wherever applicable. Cost comprises cost of acquisition, cost of improvements, borrowing cost and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to the condition for its intended use. Cost also includes direct expenses incurred upto the date of capitalisation / commissioning.

ii) Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets are reflected at the cost of acquisition of such Assets & are carried at Cost less accumulated amortisation & impairment, if any.

iii) Leased Assets

Leased Assets comprise assets acquired under Finance Leases which have been stated at cost of acquisition plus entire cost component amortisable over the useful life of these assets.

C) BORROWING COST

Borrowing costs include interest, fees and other charges incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds and is considered as revenue expenditure for the year in which it is incurred except for borrowing costs attributed to the acquisition / improvement of qualifying capital assets and incurred till the commencement of commercial use of the asset and which is capitalised as cost of that asset.

D) DEPRECIATION

i) Tangible Assets

Depreciation is provided on the Straight Line Method, at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. Certain Plants have been treated as Continuous Process Plants based on technical and other evaluations.

Leasehold land is amortised over the period of the lease.

ii) Intangible Assets

Software expenditure have been amortised over a period of three years.

Technical Know-how and Brands are amortised over a period of twenty years.

E) INVESTMENTS

Investments, which are readily realisable and intended to be held for not more than one year from the date on which such investments are made, are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments.

Investments being long term are stated at cost. Provision against diminution in the value of investments is made in case diminution is considered as other than temporary, as per criteria laid down by the Board of Directors after considering that such investments are strategic in nature.

Current Investments are stated at lower of cost or fair value.

F) INVENTORIES

Raw materials, Stores and spares and Stock-in-process are valued at weighted average Cost. Finished Goods are valued at lower of cost or net realisable value. Material-in-transit is valued at cost.

G) REVENUE RECOGNITION

Gross Sales include excise duty and are net of trade discounts / sales returns / Value added tax.

Interest is accounted on an accrual basis.

Dividend is accounted when right to receive the payment is established.

H) EXPORT INCENTIVE

Export Incentives are recognised in the year of entitlement and credited to the Raw Material Consumption Account.

I) GOVERNMENT GRANTS

Grants relating to Fixed Assets are reduced from the cost of Fixed Assets and Grants related to revenue are shown separately as part of other operating Income.

J) FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS

Foreign currency transactions other than those covered by forward contracts are recorded at current rates.

Forward premia in respect of forward exchange contracts are recognised over the life of the contract.

Monetary Assets and Liabilities denominated in foreign currency are restated at year-end rates.

All exchange gains and losses arising out of transaction/restatement, are accounted for in the Profit and Loss Account. k) LEASE RENTALS

The cost components in respect of Finance leases is being amortised over the primary lease period or effective life of the Assets as depreciation on Leased Assets and the interest component is charged as a period cost.

Secondary Lease rentals are being charged to Profit and Loss Account.

Leases that do not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases and recognised as expenses as and when payment are made over the lease term.

L) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Revenue expenditure on Research and Development is recognised as an expense in the year in which it is incurred.

Capital expenditure is shown as an addition to the fixed assets and are depreciated at applicable rates.

M) EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

a) Defined Contribution plan

Contribution to Defined Contribution Schemes such as Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are charged to the Profit and Loss account as and when incurred.

b) Defined Benefit plan

The Company also provides for retirement / post-retirement benefits in the form of gratuity and Leave encashment. Company's liability towards these benefits is determined using Project Unit Credit Method. These benefits are provided based on the Actuarial Valuation as on Balance Sheet date by an Independent actuary.

c) Short term benefits are recognised as an expense in the profit and loss account of the year in which the related service is rendered.

d) Long term leave benefits are provided as per actuarial valuation as on Balance Sheet date by an independent actuary using project unit credit method.

e) Termination benefits are recognised as an expense as and when incurred.

N) TAXES ON INCOME

a) Current Tax: Current Tax is determined as the amount of tax payable on taxable income for the year as per the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961.

b) Deferred Tax Provision: Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences between the accounting income and the taxable income for the year, and quantified using the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted on the Balance Sheet date.

Deferred tax assets are recognised and carried forward to the extent that there is a reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised.

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Mar 31, 2011

A) BASIS OF ACCOUNTING

The financiall statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting and in accordance with the standard on Accounting notified by the Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 and referred to in section 211 (3C) of the Companies Act, 1956

B) FIXED ASSETS

Fixed Assets are stated at cost / revalued cost wherever applicable. Cost comprises of cost of acquisition, cost of mprovements, borrowing cost and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to the condition for its intended use. Cost also ncludes direct expenses incurred upto the date of capitalisation / commissioning Leased Assets comprise of assets acquired under Finance Leases which have been stated at cost of acquisition plus entire cost component amortisable overthe useful life of these assets

C) BORROWING COST

Borrowing costs include interest, fees and othercharges incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds and is considered as revenue expenditure for the year in which it is incurred except for borrowing costs attributed to the acquisition / improvement of qualifying capital assets and incurred till the commencement of commercial use of the asset and which is capitalised as cost of that asset

D) DEPRECIATION

Depreciation is provided on the Straight Line Method, at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 Certain Plants have been treated as Continuous Process Plants based on technical and other evaluations

Leasehold land is amortised overthe period of the lease

Software expenditure have been amortised over a period of three years

Technical Know-how and Brands are amortised over a period of twenty years

E) INVESTMENTS

nvestments being long term are stated at cost. Provision against diminution in the value of investments is made in case diminut ion is co nside red as otherthan temporary, as per criteria laid down by the Board of Directors after considering that such investments are strategic in nature

Current Investment is stated at lower of cost or fair value

F) INVENTORIES

Raw materials, Stores and spares and Stock-in-process are valued at weighted average Cost. Finished Goods are valued at ower of cost or net realisable value. Mate rial-in-transit is valued at cost

G) REVENUE RECOGNITION

Gross Sales include excise duty and are net of trade discounts / sales returns / sales tax

nterest is accounted on an accrual basis

Dividend is accounted when right to receive payment is established

H) EXPORT INCENTIVE

Export Incentives are recognised in the year of entitlement and credited to the Raw Material Consumption Account

I) GOVERNMENT GRANTS

Grants relating to Fixed Assets are reduced from the cost of Fixed Assets and Grants related to revenue are shown separately as part of Other Income

J) FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS

Foreign currency transactions other than those covered by forward contracts are recorded at current rates

Forward premia in respect of forward exchange contracts are recognised overthe life of the contract

Monetary Assets and Liabilities denominated in foreign currency are restated at year-end rates

All exchange gains and losses arising out of transaction/restatement, are accounted for in the Profit and Loss Account

K) LEASE RENTALS

The cost components in respect of Finance leases is being amortised overthe primary lease period or effective life of the Assets as depreciation on Leased Assets and the interest component is charged as a period cost

Secondary Lease rentals are being charged to Profit and Loss Account

Leases that do not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases and recognised as expenses as and when payments are made overthe lease term

L) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Revenue expenditure on research and development is recognised as an expense in the year in which it is incurred

Capital expenditure is shown as an addition to the fixed assets and are depreciated at applicable rates

M) EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

a) Defined Contribution plan

Contribution to Defined Contribution Schemes such as Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are charged to the Profit and Loss account as and when incurred

b) Defined Benefit plan

The Company also provides for retirement / post-retirement benefits in the form of gratuity and Leave encashment Company's liability towards these benefits is determined using Project Unit Credit Method. These benefits are provided based on the Actuarial Valuation as on Balance Sheet date by an Independent actuary

c) Short term benefits are recognised asan expense inthe profit and loss account of the year in which the related service is rendered

d) Long term leave benefits are provided as per actuarial valuation as on Balance Sheet date by an independent actuary using project unit credit method

e) Termination benefits are recognised as an expense as and when incurred

N) TAXES ON INCOME

a) Current Tax:Current Tax is determined in accordance with the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961

b) Deferred Tax Provision: Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences between the accounting income and the taxable ncome for the year, and quantified using the tax rates and llaws enacted or substantively enacted on the Balance Sheet date.

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Mar 31, 2010

A) Fixed Assets

Fixed Assets are stated at cost / revalued cost wherever applicable. Cost comprises cost of acquisition, cost of improvements, borrowing cost and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to the condition for its intended use. Cost also includes direct expenses incurred upto the date of capitalisation / commissioning.

Leased Assets comprise of assets acquired under Finance Leases which have been stated at cost of acquisition plus entire cost component amortisable over the useful life of these assets.

B) Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs include interest, fees and other charges incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds and is considered as revenue expenditure for the year in which it is incurred except for borrowing costs attributed to the acquisition / improvement of qualifying capital assets and incurred till the commencement of commercial use of the asset and which is capitalised as cost of that asset.

C) Depreciation

Depreciation is provided on the Straight Line Method, at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. Certain Plants have been treated as Continuous Process Plants based on technical and other evaluations.

Leasehold land is amortised over the period of the lease.

Software expenditure have been amortised over a period of three years.

D) Investments

Investments being long term are stated at cost. Provision against diminution in the value of investments is made in case diminution is considered as other than temporary, as per criteria laid down by the Board of Directors after considering that such investments are strategic in nature.

Current Investment is stated at lower of cost or fair value.

E) Inventories

Raw materials, Stores and spares and Stock-in- . process are valued at weighted average Cost. Finished Goods are valued at lower of cost or net realisable value. Material-in-transit is valued at cost.

F) Revenue Recognition

Gross Sales include excise duty and are net of trade discounts / sales returns / sales tax.

Interest is accounted on an accrual basis.

Dividend is accounted when right to receive payment is established.

G) Export Incentive

Export Incentives are recognised in the year of entitlement and credited to the Raw Material Consumption Account.

H) Foreign Currency Transactions

Foreign currency transactions other than those covered by forward contracts are recorded at current rates.

Forward premia in respect of forward exchange contracts are recognised over the life of the contract.

Monetary Assets and Liabilities denominated in foreign currency are restated at year-end rates.

All exchange gains and losses arising out of transaction/restatement, are accounted for in the Profit and Loss Account.

I) Lease Rentals

The cost components in respect of Finance Leases is being amortised over the primary lease period or effective life of the Assets as depreciation on Leased Assets and the interest component is charged as a period cost.

Secondary Lease rentals are being charged to Profit and Loss Account.

Leases that do not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases and recognised as expenses as and when payments are made over the lease term.

J) Research and Development

Revenue expenditure on research and development is recognised as an expense in the year in which it is incurred.

Capital expenditure is shown as an addition to the fixed assets and are depreciated at applicable rates.

K) Employee Benefits

a) Defined Contribution plan

Contribution to Defined Contribution Schemes such as Provident Fund, Superannuation, Employees State Insurance Contribution and Labour Welfare Fund are charged to the Profit and Loss Account as and when incurred.

b) Defined Benefit plan

The Company also provides for retirement / post-retirement benefits in the form of gratuity and leave encashment. Companys liability towards these benefits is determined using Project Unit Credit Method. These benefits are provided based on the Actuarial Valuation as on Balance Sheet date by an independent Actuary.

c) Short term benefits are recognised as an expense in the Profit and Loss account of the year in which the related service is rendered.

d) Long term leave benefits are provided as per Actuarial Valuation as on Balance Sheet date by an independent Actuary using Project Unit Credit Method. .

e) Termination benefits are recognised as an expense as and when incurred.

L) Taxes on Income

a) Current Tax: Current Tax is determined in accordance with the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961.

b) Deferred Tax Provision: Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences between the accounting income and the taxable income for the year and quantified using the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted on the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognised and carried forward to the extent that there is a reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised.